The following is an excerpt from the听MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.听49鈥�95.
27听 听General Remarks
Although sources of quotations and authorities for statements of fact or opinion must be cited in a scholarly study, such citations should be kept as concise as clarity and accuracy permit. Notes may include information or commentary to support the text, but never to rival or overshadow it. References are usually placed in 鈥� footnotes, at the bottom of the page (see 搂30), but brief references may be placed in parentheses, within the text itself (see 搂搂 37b and 39). The test should be whether or not the reference interferes with ease in reading. Remember that a note number, which teases the reader to look 鈥� at the bottom of the page,1听may be more disruptive than a simple reference in the text, such as (II, 241), (III.ii.21), or (p.听72). To avoid large numbers of very short notes, consolidate references as often as possible without sacrificing clarity (see 搂36). Except when presenting incomplete quotations introduced by [an ellipsis], begin notes with capitals and end with periods. Notes are intended to be read like sentences, without internal full stops鈥攈ence the enclosure of place of publication, publisher, and date of publication within parentheses, whereas in bibliographies these items are set off by periods.
28听 听Note Logic
The conventions of documentation are a means to an end: to lend authority and credibility to your work and to enable the reader to locate sources with ease. Provide a note only where there is reason. It is rarely necessary, for example, to give references for proverbs (鈥淵ou can鈥檛 judge a book by its cover鈥�), familiar quotations (鈥淲e shall overcome鈥�), or common knowledge (鈥淲ashington was the first President of the United States鈥�); to give line references for short poems (e.g., sonnets); to spell out the full names of familiar authors (Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes); or to give page references to works arranged alphabetically (e.g., dictionaries). To include such information in citations is to forget the reader and think only of the machinery of scholarship. Information given in the text need not be repeated in a note (see 搂32b). Successive quotations in one paragraph may usually be documented in a single note, and 鈥渃overing notes鈥� may be used to acknowledge general sources, thereby avoiding a series of citations: Howarth, p.听xii. I follow throughout Howarth鈥檚 account of the sources.
On the other hand, do not give too little information. In references to prose classics of which many editions are available, it is helpful to provide more information than just the page number of the edition used鈥攆or example, p.听271 (Bk.听IV, Ch.听ii)听or听Bk.听IV, Ch.听ii (p.听271). In citing sources that do no state complete information (author, title, or full publication information), supply within square brackets what information you know or can ascertain (see sample notes 58 and 64 in 搂搂 32r and 32t).
29听 听Note Numbers
Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, throughout a research paper 鈥�. Do not number notes by individual pages or use asterisks or other symbols. Use Arabic numbers without periods, parentheses, or slashes. Note numbers are [superscripts]. They should be placed听after听all punctuation (including parentheses) except a dash. Avoid interrupting the flow of though of a sentence with note numbers. Place the note number at the end of an appropriate syntactical unit that is as near as possible to the material quoted or referred to. The note number should always come after, but not necessarily immediately after, a paraphrase or direct quotation.
In his听Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin states that he prepared a list of 鈥渢welve virtues,鈥� and later added a thirteenth.1
is preferable to
In his听Autobiography,1听Benjamin Franklin states 鈥�.
Wilson, Chambers, and Lewis support this view.1
is preferable to
Wilson,1听颁丑补尘产别谤蝉,2听and Lewis3听support this view.
Never place the note number immediately after the author鈥檚 name, the introductory verb, or the colon preceding a paraphrase or quotation.
Wrong:
Ernst Rose1听writes, 鈥淭he highly spiritual view of the world presented in听Siddhartha听exercised its appeal on West and East alike.鈥�
Wrong:
Ernst Rose writes,1听鈥淭he highly spiritual view of the world presented in听Siddhartha听exercised its appeal on West and East alike.鈥�
Right:
Ernst Rose writes, 鈥淭he highly spiritual view of the world presented in听Siddhartha听exercised its appeal on West and East alike.鈥�听1
Note听(鈥�):
听听1听Faith from the Abyss: Hermann Hesse鈥檚 Way from Romanticism to Modernity听(New York: New York Univ. Press, 1965), p.听74.
Verify both note numbers and the references themselves before submitting a paper.
鈥�
31听 听First Note References for Published Books: Standard Form
For examples of the various recommendations set forth in this section, see 搂32. (On abridging notes because of material given in the text, see 搂32b.) In notes, the following order should be used (see 搂41 for the form of a listing in a bibliography)
a.听 Name(s) of author(s)听in normal order (first name first, etc.), followed by a comma. Give the names in their fullest or at least in their most usual, form: this practice may save the reader many minutes of search in a library catalog (鈥溞影稍� Brown鈥� is more helpful than merely 鈥淐. Brown鈥�). Common sense will have to guide the author in applying this recommendation; 鈥淭homas Stearns Eliot鈥� or 鈥淗erbert M. McLuhan鈥� instead of the more familiar 鈥淭. S. Eliot鈥� and 鈥淗. Marshall McLuhan鈥� might confuse the reader. Square brackets may be used to indicate parts of a name not found in the work cited鈥攆or example, C[live] S[taples] Lewis. Occasionally, it is more appropriate to cite the name of an editor or translator first (see 搂31d). On citing anonymous works, see 搂32e.
b.听 Title of the chapter of part of the book cited,听enclosed in quotation marks (not [italicized]), followed by a comma inside the final quotation marks. This detail is necessary only in reference to pieces within anthologies and collections of works. Words referring to untitled parts of a book鈥擨ntroduction, Preface鈥攁re capitalized but are not put in quotation marks or [italicized] (see sample note 39 in 搂32l). When citing from an anthology a work originally published separately (such as a novel), [italicize] the title of such a work (see sample note 23 in 搂32h).
c.听 Title of the work,听[italicized], followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed within parentheses or unless the title has its own punctuation (e.g., a question mark). Unusually long titles may be abbreviated; but the first few words should always be cited verbatim, and any later omissions听within听the portion cited should be indicated by [an ellipsis] (鈥�). (On ellipsis within quotations, see 搂14d.) Always take the title from the title page, not from the cover or the title printed at the top of each page; disregard any unusual typographical characteristics, such as all capital letter or uncommon use of lowercase letters, unless you know them to reflect the author鈥檚 wishes (CONCEPTS OF CRITICISM should be capitalized as听Concepts of Criticism; Turner鈥檚 early sketchbooks as听Turner鈥檚 Early Sketchbooks; e. e. cummings鈥� i: six nonlectures may be left in lowercase). If there is a subtitle, [italicize] it and separate it from the title by a colon, which is also [italicized]. The word 鈥渋n鈥� (not [italicized]) may precede the title of the work if a chapter or a part of the book is being cited.
d.听 Name(s) of editor(s), translator(s), and compiler(s)听in normal order, preceded by 鈥渆d.,鈥� 鈥渢rans.,鈥� or 鈥渃omp.鈥� (without parentheses) and followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses. If the actual editing, translating, or compiling itself, rather than the text, is under discussion, give the name(s) of the editor(s), translator(s), or compiler(s) first in your reference (followed by a comma, followed by 鈥渆d.,鈥� 鈥渢rans.,鈥� or 鈥渃omp.鈥� and another comma) and the author鈥檚 name after the title, preceded by a comma and the word 鈥渂y鈥� (see sample notes 38 and 42 in 搂搂 32l and 32m).
e.听 Edition used,听whenever it is not the first, designated by an Arabic numeral (e.g., 4th ed.), followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses. Unless you are concerned with an author鈥檚 changes of opinion or with differences in text, use the latest revised edition or inform the reader of your inability to do so. In a period of competitive reprinting, it is especially important to distinguish the听original date听and听edition听from the听reprint听you may happen to be using. (On citing reprints, see 搂32k.) For example, all the following information would be necessary to avoid confusion: Emile M芒le,听The Gothic Image: Religious Art of the Thirteenth Century, trans. Dora Nussey from 3rd French Ed. (1913; rpt. New York: Harper, 1973), p.听90. Without the inclusion of 鈥�1913鈥� and 鈥渞pt.,鈥� this reference to a useful paperback version of M芒le鈥檚 classic study would make听The Gothic Image听appear to be a recent work.
f.听 The series听(e.g., Univ. of California Publication in Modern Philology), not [italicized] and not in quotation marks, followed by a comma, followed by an Arabic numeral designating the number of this work in the series (e.g., Vol.听7, No.听7, or simply 7 as given on the title page or half-title page), followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses (see sample notes 31鈥�33 in 搂32j).
g.听 The number of volumes听with this particular title, if more than one (e.g., 3 vols.) and if the information is pertinent. It is usually not pertinent when the reference is to a specific passage rather than to the work as a whole (see 搂32f).
h.听 Place of publication, publisher, and date of publication,听all within parentheses. A colon follows the place, a comma follows the publisher, and the closing parenthesis follows the date: (Cleveland: Western Reserve Univ. Press, 1967).
The place of publication should be taken from the title page or copyright page (i.e., the reverse of the title page). If several cities are listed for the publisher, list only one, preferably the one in which the book originated or, if that is not known, a major city. Specify enough detail to avoid ambiguity (York, Pa.; Portland, Me.; Portland, Ore.); if the city is not well known, include the state or country as well (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.). If no place of publication is given, indicate by writing 鈥渘.p.鈥� for 鈥渘o place鈥� (see 搂32t).
An appropriately shortened form of the name of the publisher may be used. Blaisdell Publishing Co., George Braziller Inc., and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich may be safely identified in notes and bibliography as Blaisdell, Braziller, and Harcourt, respectively. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., and Librairie Larousse may be recognized as Heffer and Larousse, respectively. A university press must always be so designated, since the university may publish independently of its press (see sample notes 1 and 48 in 搂搂 32b and 32p). In citing a work published under a publisher鈥檚 special imprint, add the publisher鈥檚 name after a hyphen (e.g., Anchor-Doubleday). The name of the publisher may be omitted for works published prior to 1900. If no publisher is listed, indicate by writing 鈥渘.p.鈥� (鈥渘o publisher鈥�). Although this is also the abbreviation for 鈥渘o place,鈥� confusion is avoided by noting on which side of the colon the 鈥渘.p.鈥� appears (see 搂32t). If a work is privately printed, so indicate by writing 鈥減rivately printed鈥� (see sample note 47 in 搂32o).
The date of publication appears on the title page or the copyright page. If the copyright page indicates that the work has gone through several impressions or printings by the same publisher鈥攑rintings undifferentiated in any way (including page numbers) from the first edition鈥攗se the original publication date (see sample note 3 in 搂32b). In citing a new or revised edition, give the date of that edition (not the original edition); in citing a reprint by a different publisher, give the dates of both the original edition and the reprint (see sample notes in 搂32k). If no date of publication is recorded on the title page, copyright page, or (particularly for books published outside [North America]) in the colophon at the back of the book, use the latest date of copyright, if given; otherwise, write 鈥渘.d.鈥� (see 搂32t) or supply in square brackets an approximate date (a question mark may be added).
i.听 Volume number,听if one of two or more, in capital Roman numerals, preceded and followed by a comma. If it is necessary to give the date of a single volume of a multivolume work published over a number of years, indicate the volume number听before听the publication information (see sample note 17 in 搂32f). Use the volume number alone (without 鈥淰ol.鈥�) if page numbers follow (III, 248鈥�51).
j.听 Page number(s)听in Arabic numerals (unless the original has Roman numerals), preceded by a comma, followed by a period unless an additional reference is required (p.听47, n.听3.听or听p.听47, col.听2.). If the source of a quotation is being given, probably only a page or two will be indicated; but, if the reader is being directed to a discussion of some question, numerous pages may be cited. See 搂11d for inclusive page numbers.
Omit 鈥淰ol.鈥� And 鈥減.鈥� or 鈥減p.鈥� when volume and page numbers are both given: III, 142. But 鈥淰ol.鈥� and 鈥減.鈥� or 鈥減p.鈥� must be included when the volume number applies to the general title of the multivolume work and not to the title of the individual volume being cited (see sample notes 18 and 19 in 搂搂 32f and 32g). If there is no pagination, indicate 鈥渘. pag.鈥� (see 搂32t). If a book lacks page numbers but has signatures, indicate 鈥渟ig.鈥� rather than 鈥減.鈥� (see 搂32v); if it numbers columns instead of pages, indicate 鈥渃ol.鈥� rather than 鈥減.鈥� (On omission of volume and page numbers for reference works, see 搂32i.)
32听 听First Note References for Published Books: Sample Notes
a.听 General remarks.听Following are examples of the various recommendations in 搂31. For bibliographical citations that parallel the sample notes in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of 搂42.
b.听 A book with a single author.听This is the simplest and probably the most widely used form of reference. It follows the general pattern outlined in 搂31. 鈥�
听听1听Northrop Frye,听Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays听(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1957), p.听52.
The subtitle may be omitted in 鈥� footnotes, but it must be included in a bibliographical listing. The subtitle is separated from the title by a colon, which, like all other punctuation marks within a title, is [italicized]. (If the author鈥檚 name, with or without the title, has been given in the text, the author鈥檚 name may be omitted in the note. The omission of both the author and the title might prove confusing.)
Text:
In the听Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye expounds his influential 鈥渢heory of modes.鈥�2
Note:
听听2听Anatomy of Criticism听(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1957), pp.听33鈥�67.
In the following, the choice of date could have been a problem, since the copyright page reads 鈥溌┨�1961. Published 1961. First text impression 1963. Fifth impression 1965.鈥� Although the fifth impression is the one being used, the date of publication is cited as 1961:
听听3听Wayne C. Booth,听The Rhetoric of Fiction听(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961), pp.听73鈥�74.
(On citing other editions, see 搂31e.)
Following are notes to books published in other countries:
听听4听Heinrich Meyer,听Goethe: Das Leben im Werk听(Stuttgart: G眉nther, 1967), pp.听101鈥�11.
听听5听Dharma P. Sarin,听The Influence of Political Movements on Hindi Literature, 1906鈥�1947听(Chandigarh: Punjab Univ. Publications Bureau, 1968), p.听58.
听听6听Michael Gelfand,听African Background: The Traditional Culture of the Shona-Speaking People听(Cape Town: Juta, 1965), p.听61.
c.听 A book with two or more authors.听Cite all authors as they appear on the title page鈥攏ot necessarily in alphabetical order.
听听7听Oscar Cargill, William Charvat, and Donald D. Walsh,听The Publication of Academic Writing听(New York: MLA, 1966), p.听8.
听听8听Ren茅 Wellek and Austin Warren,听Theory of Literature, 3rd ed. (New York: Harcourt, 1962), p.听289.
Even if the authors have the same last name, state each author鈥檚 name as it appears on the title page. If there are more than three authors, one name followed by 鈥渆t al.鈥� 鈥�, with no comma in between, may be used.
听听9听Barbara B. Burn et al.,听Higher Education in Nine Countries: A Comparative Study of Colleges and Universities Abroad听(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), p.听125.
d.听 A book with a corporate author听may be cited in both notes and bibliography either by its corporate author or by its title followed by a comma, the word 鈥渂y,鈥� and the name of the corporate author. (On government publications, see 搂32r.)
10听President鈥檚 Commission on Higher Education,听Higher Education for American Democracy听(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947), I, 26.
or
11听Higher Education for American Democracy, by the President鈥檚 Commission on Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947), I, 26.
In the following example the corporate author is clear from the title and need not be stated separately:
12听Report of the Commission on the Humanities听(New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1964), p.听139.
To place 鈥淐ommission on the Humanities鈥� before the title or 鈥渂y the Commission on the Humanities鈥� after the title would be redundant. In this book, as in many similar publications, no publisher is indicated on the title page or elsewhere; but the names of the American Council of Learned Societies, the Council of Graduate Schools, and the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa are on the cover and sign the sponsor鈥檚 Foreword. Copies, it is further indicated, may be ordered from the American Council. Therefore, for all but bibliographical essays, the citation above is adequate.
e.听 An anonymous book.听If the author of a work is unknown, cite it by title in both notes and bibliography, without using either 鈥淎nonymous鈥� or 鈥淎non.鈥�
13听Literary Market Place: The Directory of American Book Publishing, 1976鈥�77 ed. (New York: Bowker, 1976), p.听129.
14听The World of Learning 1975鈥�76, 26th ed. (London: Europa, 1975), I, 734.
If you are able to determine the name(s) of the author(s) of a book published anonymously, give the name(s) within square brackets.
f.听 A work in several volumes or parts.听When drawing attention to an entire multivolume work, use the following form:
15听See William R. Parker,听Milton: A Biography, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968).
But, if citing only one volume of a multivolume work, use the following:
16听David Daiches,听A Critical History of English Literature, 2nd ed. (New York: Ronald, 1970), II, 776鈥�77.
If the volumes of a work have been published in different years, the volume number听precedes听the publishing information. The first two volumes of the following work were published in 1955, the second two in 1965:
17听Ren茅 Wellek,听A History of Modern Criticism, 1750鈥�1950, III (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1965), 1鈥�32.
If the individual volumes of a multivolume work have separate titles, use the following form:
18听Winston S. Churchill,听The Age of Revolution, Vol. II of听A History of the English-Speaking Peoples听(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1957), pp.听131鈥�32.
g.听 A work in a collection of pieces all by the same author.听The title of the part of the book is placed in quotation marks, followed by a comma (inside the final quotation mark), the word 鈥渋n,鈥� and the title of the book [italicized]. (On citing a preface or introduction or a part originally published as a book, see 搂搂 31b and 32l.)
19听Antoine Adam, 鈥淒escartes,鈥� in听L鈥橢poque d鈥橦enri IV et de Louis XIII, Vol.听I of听Histoire de la litt茅rature fran莽aise au XVIIe听si猫cle听(Paris: Domat, 1948), pp.听319鈥�29.
20听Kemp Malone, 鈥淓tymologies for听Hamlet,鈥� in his听Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech, ed. S. Einarsson and N. E. Eliason (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1959), pp.听204鈥�25.
In sample note 20, the word 鈥渉is鈥� was added to assure the reader, who may have been misled by the title and the listing of editors, that the book is indeed the work of one author.
h.听 A work in a collection of pieces by different authors.听The following illustrate the standard forms for citing pieces in an anthology, casebook, or collection of essays:
21听Richard Wright, 鈥淏right and Morning Star,鈥� in听Short Stories: A Critical Anthology, ed. Ensaf Thune and Ruth Prigozy (New York: Macmillan, 1973), pp.听387鈥�88.
22听Flannery O鈥機onnor, 鈥淓verything That Rises Must Converge,鈥� in听Mirrors: An Introduction to Literature, ed. John R. Knott, Jr., and Christopher R. Reaske, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Canfield, 1975), p.听66.
23听Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo,听Abel Sanchez, trans. Anthony Kerrigan, in听Eleven Modern Short Novels, ed. Leo Hamalian and Edmond L. Volpe, 2nd ed. (New York: Putnam, 1970), pp.听342鈥�44.
On citing translations, see 搂32m.
Collections of important essays and articles [have become] increasingly convenient in research; the conscientious writer, however, informs the reader of the original date and source of the piece collected. (The original title should also be given if, as is often true, the piece appears untitled or under a different title in the collection.)
24听Marie Padgett Hamilton, 鈥淭he Meaning of the Middle English听Pearl,鈥澨�PMLA, 70 (1955), 805鈥�24; rpt. in听Middle English Survey: Critical Essays, ed. Edward Vasta (Notre Dame, Ind.: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965), p.听117.
25听C. S. Lewis, 鈥淭he Anthropological Approach,鈥� in听English and Medieval Studies Presented to J. R. R. Tolkien on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, ed. Norman Davis and C. L. Wrenn (London: Allen and Unwin, 1962), pp.听219鈥�23; rpt. 鈥淰iew Points: C. S. Lewis,鈥� in听Twentieth Century Interpretations of听Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ed. Denton Fox (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp.听100鈥�01.
i.听 Articles in reference works.听An encyclopedia article is cited as a work in a collection, but without the 鈥渋n鈥� preceding the title, without an editor鈥檚 name, and, especially if it is a well-known encyclopedia, without publication information except for the edition (if given) and year. If the article is signed, the author is cited first; if unsigned, the title comes first. (Often articles in reference books are signed with initials that are identified in the index or in another volume.) In a work that is alphabetically arranged, volume and page number may also be omitted; volume and page number, however, must be given if the citation is to only one page of a multipage article.
26听鈥淢andarin,鈥澨�Encyclopedia Americana, 1976 ed.
27听Luciano Chiappini, 鈥淓ste, House of,鈥澨�New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia, 1974 ed.
A similar form is used for annuals, yearbooks, and many other reference books.
28听鈥淢ead, Margaret,鈥澨�Who鈥檚 Who of American Women, 8th ed. (1974鈥�75).
29听John C. French, 鈥淣orris, Benjamin Franklin,鈥澨�DAB听(1934).
30听William Cosmo Monkhouse, 鈥淩eynolds, Sir Joshua,鈥澨�DNB听(1896).
j.听 A work in a series.听These examples follow the procedure described in 搂31f.
31听Ruth C. Wallerstein,听Richard Crashaw: A Study in Style and Poetic Development, Univ. of Wisconsin Studies in Lang. and Lit., No.听37 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1935), p.听52.
32听Sigfrid Hoefert,听Das Drama des Naturalismus, Sammlung Metzler, 75 (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1968), p.听103.
33听John H. Fisher, 鈥淭he Progress of Research in Medieval English Literature in the United States of America,鈥澨�English Studies Today, 4th ser., ed. Ilva Cellini and Giorgio Melchiori (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1966), pp.听33鈥�34.
k.听 A modern reprint of an older edition.听In citing reprints, give the date of the original edition. If the original work appeared in a different country, include the original place of publication as well.
34听John Livingston Lowes,听The Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination, 2nd ed. (1930; rpt. New York: Vintage-Knopt, 1959), p.听231.
35听Ren茅 Bray,听La Formation de la doctrine classique en France听(1927; rpt. Paris: Nizet, 1966), p.听301.
36听Basil Willey,听The Eighteenth Century Background听(London, 1940; rpt. Boston: Beacon, 1961), p.听43.
l.听 An edition听should be cited as follows:
37听W. D. Howells,听A Hazard of New Fortunes, ed. David J. Nordloh et al. (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1976), p.听217.
(For the bibliographical listing of this work, which is the sixteenth volume of听A Selected Edition of W. D. Howells, see 搂42l.)
If the work of the editor is being discussed or cited, the editor鈥檚 name should come first.
38听Charlton Hinman, ed.,听The First Folio of Shakespeare: The Norton Facsimile听(New York: Norton, 1968), p.听ix.
In citing an introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword written by neither the author nor the editor, give the writer鈥檚 name followed by a comma and Introd., Pref., Foreword, or Afterword, with initial capital letters but without quotation marks. Then list the title of the book preceded by a comma, and the name of the author, preceded by a comma and the word 鈥渂y.鈥� The writer of a preface or introduction is not necessarily the editor of the book, and no person associated with a text should be labeled 鈥渆ditor鈥� unless so identified on the title page. It is common practice for a publisher to commission a scholar to write an introduction to a standard novel and to publish that introduction with a resetting of an edition of the work. In citing such an introduction, use the following form:
39听Henry Nash Smith, Introd.,听The Prairie: A Tale, by James Fenimore Cooper (New York: Holt, 1950), p.听xx.
In citing the text of this edition, use the following form (see 搂28 on the inclusion of the chapter number):
40听James Fenimore Cooper,听The Prairie: A Tale, introd. Henry Nash Smith (New York: Holt, 1950), Ch.听xxiii, p.听281.
For subsequent reference to an edition, see 搂37b.
m.听 A translation听should be cited as follows:
41听Feodor Dostoevsky,听Crime and Punishment, trans. Jessie Coulson, ed. George Gibian (New York: Norton, 1964), p.听157.
If the work of the translator is being discussed or cited, his or her name comes first.
42听Jessie Coulson, trans.,听Crime and Punishment, by Feodor Dostoevsky, ed. George Gibian (New York: Norton, 1964), p.听157.
43听George C. Schoolfield, trans.,听The German Lyric of the Baroque in English Translation, Univ. of North Carolina Studies in Germanic Langs. And Lits., 29 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1961), p.听147.
44听Alfonso Sastre,听Sad Are the Eyes of William Tell, trans. Leonard C. Pronko, in听The New Wave Spanish Drama, ed. George E. Wellwarth (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1970), p.听309.
n.听 An unpublished dissertation.听听The title should be placed in quotation marks, not [italicized]. Abbreviate 鈥渄issertation鈥� as 鈥淒iss.鈥� No commas are placed between 鈥淒iss.鈥� and the name of the degree-granting university or between the university and the date of completion. The name of the university may be shortened, as long as it remains unambiguous (e.g., 鈥淛ohns Hopkins鈥� is clear, but 鈥淣ew York鈥� could refer to a number of institutions).
45听Eric L. Gans, 鈥淭he Discovery of Illusion: Flaubert鈥檚 Early Works, 1835鈥�1837,鈥� Diss. Johns Hopkins 1967, p.听34.
For a reference to a dissertation abstract published in听Dissertation Abstracts听or听Dissertation Abstracts International, see 搂34m.
o.听 A published dissertation听is treated as a book except for the inclusion of pertinent dissertation information.
46听Per Nykrog,听Les Fabliaux: Etude d鈥檋istoire litt茅raire et de stylistique m茅di茅vale, Diss. Aarhus 1956 (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1957), p.听68.
47听Karl Georg Wendriner,听Der Einfluss von Goethes听Wilhelm Meister听auf das Drama der Romantiker, Diss. Bonn 1907 (Leipzig: privately printed, 1907), p.听52.
p.听 The published proceedings of a conference听usually appear in a note beginning with the title of the meeting, followed by pertinent information regarding the conference and the publication of its proceedings.
48听Humanistic Scholarship in America, Proc. of a Conference on the Princeton Studies in the Humanities, 5鈥�6 Nov. 1965 (Princeton: Princeton Univ., 1966).
q.听 A pamphlet听is generally cited as a book would be.
49听Modern Language Association of America,听A Guide for Job Candidates and Department Chairmen in English and Foreign Languages, rev. ed. (New York: MLA, 1975), p.听26.
r.听 Government publications听are numerous, and their citation in notes and bibliography can be a complicated matter. In general, in citing a government document, indicate the agency first. (If, however, the name of an author is known, it may be given first or, if the agency is listed first, placed after the title and preceded by a comma and the word 鈥渂y鈥�; see sample notes 54 and 55.) The name of the agency may be abbreviated if the context makes it clear.
U.S. Cong., Senate
U.S. Cong., House
U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare
Calif. Dept. of Industrial Relations
Chicago Board of Trade
The title of the publication ([italicized]) should follow immediately. In citing a Congressional document other than the听Congressional Record听(which requires only date and page number), include such information as the number and session of Congress, the house (S. or H.R.), and the type and number of publication. Types of Congressional publications include bills (S.听33; H.R.听77), resolutions (S. Res. 20, H. Res. 50), reports (S. Rept. 9, H. Rept. 142), and documents (S. Doc. 333); H. Doc. 222). The usual publishing information comes next (i.e., place, publisher, date). Most federal publications, regardless of the branch of government, are published by the Government Printing Office (GPO) in Washington, D.C.; its British counterpart is Her Majesty鈥檚 Stationery Office (HMSO) in London. Since documents of the United Nations and most local governments do not issue from a central office, give full publishing information as it appears on the title page.
50听Cong. Rec., 7 Feb. 1973, pp.听3831鈥�51.
or
51听Cong. Rec., Feb. 7, 1973, pp.听3831鈥�51.
52听U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,听Productivity听(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958), p.听10.
53听U.S. Cong., Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack,听Hearings, 79th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), I, 25.
54听U.S. Cong., House,听Memphis Riots and Massacres, by E. B. Washburne, 39th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Rept. 101 (1866; rpt. New York: Arno, 1969), p.听14.
55听E. B. Washburne,听Memphis Riots and Massacres, U.S. 39th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Rept. 101 (1866; rpt. New York: Arno, 1969), p.听14.
56听U.S. Cong., Senate, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce,听Report on Crime Investigation, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., S. Rept. 141 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1951), pp.听1鈥�5.
57听New York State, Committee on State Prisons,听Investigation of the New York State Prisons听(1883; rpt. New York: Arno, 1974), p.听32.
58听New York City, Knapp Commission,听The Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption听(New York: Braziller, [1973?]), pp.听23鈥�24.
59听Great Britain, Ministry of Defence,听Author and Subject Catalogues of the Naval Library, Ministry of Defence听(London: HMSO, 1967), IV, 135.
60听United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa,听Industrial Growth in Africa听(New York: United Nations, 1963), pp.听32鈥�33.
s.听 Legal references听offer an even more elaborate and complicated system of annotation than government publications. The indispensable guide for legal work in听A Uniform System of Citation, 12th ed. (Cambridge: Harvard Law Review Association, 1976). In general, laws, acts, and similar documents are not italicized in either text or notes (Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, Taft-Hartley Act). In such citations, one refers to sections rather than pages; the year number should be added if relevant. Although lawyers and legal scholars adopt many abbreviations in their citations, use only familiar abbreviations when writing for a more general audience.
61听U.S. Const., art.听I, sec.听1.
62听15 U.S. Code, sec.听78j(b) (1964).
(Note that in references to the United States Code, often abbreviated as U.S.C., the title number must be included: 12 U.S.C., 15 U.S.C., etc.) Names of law cases are both abbreviated and shortened (Brown v. Board of Ed.听For听Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas), but the first important word of each party is always spelled out. Unlike laws, names of cases are always italicized in text; in notes, they are not. The information required in citing a case includes the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant; the volume, name, and page (in that order) or the law report cited; the name of the court that decided the case; and the year in which it was decided. Once again, considerable abbreviation is the norm.
63听Stevens v. National Broadcasting Co., 148 U.S.P.Q. 755 (Cal. Super. Ct. 1966).
This note cites page 755 of volume 148 of the听United States Patent Quarterly听dealing with the case of Stevens against the National Broadcasting Company, which was decided by the California Superior Court in 1966.
t.听 A book without place of publication, publisher, date of publication, or pagination.听When a book lacks printed publication information or pagination, indicate this by using one or more of the following abbreviations:
n.p.听听听听听听听听听听听no place of publication given
n.p.听听听听听听听听听听听no publisher given
n.d.听听听听听听听听听听听no date of publication given
n. pag.听 听 听 No pagination given (but see also 搂32v)
The abbreviation 鈥渘.p.鈥� should be placed听before听the colon to indicate 鈥渘o place鈥� but听after听the colon to indicate 鈥渘o publisher.鈥�
No date:听听(New York: Univ. of Gotham Press, n.d.), p.听1.
No pagination:听听(New York: Univ. of Gotham Press, 1978), n. pag.
No place:听听(n.p.: Univ. of Gotham Press, 1978), p.听1.
No publisher:听听(New York: n.p., 1978), p.听1.
Neither place nor publisher:听听(n.p.: n.p., 1978), p.听1.
If unstated information is known or ascertained, indicate it in brackets: (New York: Univ. of Gotham Press, [1978]). If little or no information can be ascertained, record what you know:
64听Photographic View Album of Cambridge听([England]: n.p., n.d.), n. pag.
(Note that in the absence of a city of publication, stating the country is preferable to 鈥渘.p.鈥� for 鈥渘o place.鈥�)
u.听 A book with multiple publishers.听If two or more publishers are responsible for the publication of the book鈥攏ot just two or more offices of the same publisher (see 搂31h)鈥攖hen each should be indicated.
65听Wilmarth H. Starr, Mary P. Thompson, and Donald D. Walsh, eds.,听Modern Foreign Languages and the Academically Talented Student听(Washington, D.C.: National Education Association; New York: MLA, 1960), p.听88.
鈥� British, Canadian, and American publishers [sometimes] cooperate in the publication of the same work; but this fact is often not stated in any edition of the work. For example, S. B. Harkness,听The Career of Samuel Butler, 1835鈥�1902: A Bibliography听was published by both Macmillan in New York and Bodley Head Press in London, a fact that would not usually be known to a person consulting either one of the editions. In circumstances like this, cite the publishing information of the edition that you are using. If, however, you are preparing a list or bibliography and wish to indicate both publishers, follow the form of sample note 65 (and its related bibliographical form, 搂42u).
v.听 A book without page numbers but with signatures.听Some books that lack page numbers, especially ones published before 1800, may include at the foot of every fourth page, every eighth page, every sixteenth page, and so on, a sequence of letters, numerals, or other symbols called signatures, which were intended to help the bookbinder assemble the groups of pages into the proper order. The pages following each new signature may bear the same symbol with an added numeral (either Arabic or Roman). In citing books without page numbers but with signatures, use the abbreviation 鈥渟ig.鈥� or 鈥渟igs.鈥� (instead of 鈥減.鈥� or 鈥減p.鈥�), followed by the signature symbol and the leaf number (in Arabic). If no number is printed, supply one: the leaf on which a given signature first appears should be considered 鈥�1,鈥� the next leaf, 鈥�2,鈥� and so forth, until you reach a new signature. The front of a leaf鈥攖hat appearing on the reader鈥檚 right鈥攊s considered the 鈥渞ecto鈥� (indicated as听r); the back of the leaf鈥攖hat appearing on the reader鈥檚 left鈥攊s considered the 鈥渧erso鈥� (indicated as听v).
66听John Pikeryng,听A Newe Enterlude of Vice Conteyninge the Historye of Horestes听(London, 1557), sig.听A2听r.
33听 听First Note References for Articles in Periodicals: Standard Form
For examples of the various recommendations given in this section, see 搂34. In notes, the following order, subject to abridgment by omission of unnecessary items (see 搂32b), should be used (see 搂41 for the form of a listing in a bibliography).
a.听 Name(s) of author(s)听in normal order, followed by a comma. Give the name(s) of the author(s) as printed on the first page or last page of the article. If only initials are given, indicate them all, and, in typing, leave a space after each period. If there is more than one author, treat as described for multiple authors of a book (see 搂32c).
b.听 Title of the article听in full, enclosed in quotation marks (not [italicized]), followed by a comma inside the closing quotation marks unless the title has its own punctuation (e.g., a question mark).
c.听 Name of the periodical,听[italicized] and followed by a comma. Common words within the name of a periodical may be abbreviated in accordance with standard usage (see 搂46). In citing the names of newspapers, give the name [italicized], as it appears in the masthead; if the city is not part of the name as it appears in the masthead, supply it in square brackets, not [italicized], following the name:听Star-Ledger听[Newark, N.J.]. Add names of cities or of institutions (in square brackets) to differentiate a given periodical from others with the same title or to locate an unfamiliar journal.
d.听 Series number,听only if the journal is published in more than one series:听The Library, 5th ser., 15 (1960);听Oxford Slavonic Papers, NS听1 (1968), 85鈥�104. The abbreviations 鈥淣S鈥� and 鈥淥S鈥� stand for 鈥渘ew series鈥� and 鈥渙riginal series,鈥� respectively, and are followed by the volume number in that series.
e.听 Volume number听(not preceded by 鈥淰ol.鈥�), designated by an Arabic numeral, followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses. For journals that have continuous pagination throughout the volume (i.e., if the last page of the first issue is numbered 130, then the first page of the second issue would be numbered 131, etc.), use the volume number followed by the year (in parentheses), a comma, and the page number(s):听Studies in Short Fiction, 12 (1975), 91.
If, however, each issue of a volume is paged independently (i.e., each begins with p.听1), then specify in parentheses the month or season of the issue along with the year: (March 1975) or (Winter 1977); if the month or season is not known, indicate the issue number preceded by 鈥淣o.鈥� following the volume number and comma and preceding the year in parentheses:听American-German Review, 20, No.听5 (1954), 46. State issue number alone for journals that do not have volume numbers:听Fiera Letteraria, No.听41 (1965), p.听6. For journals with a complex and unfamiliar numbering system, give all particulars known, citing the largest division first: A帽o听13, Tomo听41, No.听2.
Omit volume numbers and issue numbers of newspapers and weekly or monthly magazines and give the complete date instead, set off by commas and followed by the page numbers:听Chronicle of Higher Education, 17 Jan. 1977, p.听5. Because different editions of newspapers contain different material, it is often useful to specify the edition:听New York Times, Late City Ed., 29 Dec. 1968, p.听36, col.听1. With some newspapers, not even all copies labeled 鈥淟ate City Ed.鈥� (or another edition) are necessarily identical; in such cases, the writer may have to ascertain the precise system of stars or other symbols that identifies a newspaper鈥檚 disparate editions.
f.听 The year鈥攑receded by month or season (e.g., Nov. or Autumn) only if pagination of each issue is separate鈥攅nclosed in parentheses (except for daily, weekly, or monthly publications), followed by a comma:听Renaissance Quarterly, 29 (1976), 433;听Kansas Quarterly, 3 (Spring 1971), 3鈥�9. If the volume covers several years, list only the year of the article in question.
g.听 Page number(s)听in Arabic numerals (preceded by 鈥減.鈥� or 鈥減p.鈥� only when no volume number is cited). Follow the page number with a period unless an additional reference to a note is needed (217n. or 217, n.听18.). For newspapers, it may be necessary to give section numbers, and it is convenient to include column numbers:听New York Times, 21 Sept. 1969, Sec.听4, p.听14, cols.听4鈥�6.
34听 听First Note References for Articles in Periodicals: Sample Notes
a.听 General remarks.听Following are examples of the various recommendations in 搂33. For bibliographical examples that parallel the sample notes in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of 搂43.
b.听 An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume.听This is the basic form of reference to an article in a periodical.
67听Jarold W. Ramsey, 鈥淭he Wife Who Goes Out like a Man, Comes Back as a Hero: The Art of Two Oregon Indian Narratives,鈥澨�PMLA, 92 (1977), 15.
For subsequent references to such articles, see 搂37.
c.听 An article from a journal that pages each issue separately or that numbers only issues.
68听John R. Frey, 鈥淎merica and Her Literature Reviewed by Postwar Germany,鈥澨�American-German Review, 20, No.听5 (1954), 4鈥�6.
69听Donald Stephens and George Woodcock, 鈥�The Literary History of Canada: Editorial Views,鈥澨�Canadian Literature, No.听24 (1965), p.听10.
70听Germain Marc鈥檋adour, 鈥淗ugh Latimer and Thomas More,鈥澨�Moreana, No.听18 (1968), pp.听29鈥�49.
When no volume number is given, pages are identified by 鈥減.鈥� or 鈥減p.鈥�; issue numbers are given as Arabic numerals, preceded by 鈥淣o.鈥� Months may be added for the sake of precision when the numbering system is unfamiliar.
d.听 An article from a journal with more than one series.
71听Yu D. Levin, 鈥淭olstoy, Shakespeare, and Russian Writers of the 1860s,鈥澨�Oxford Slavonic Papers, NS听1 (1968), 85鈥�104.
e.听 An article from a weekly magazine or weekly newspaper.
72听Hennig Cohen, 鈥淲hy Isn鈥檛 Melville for the Masses?鈥澨�Saturday Review, 16 Aug. 1969, pp.听19鈥�21.
73听鈥淭he Old Art Forms Will Wither Away,鈥澨�National Observer, 22 Sept. 1969, p.听1, cols.听2鈥�4; p.听22, cols.听1鈥�3.
f.听 An article from a monthly magazine.
74听Irving Howe, 鈥淛ames Baldwin: At Ease in Apocalypse,鈥澨�贬补谤辫别谤鈥檚, Sept. 1968, p.听92.
g.听 An article from a daily newspaper.听(For weekly newspapers, see 搂34e.)
75听Jane E. Brody, 鈥淢ultiple Cancers Termed on Increase,鈥澨�New York Times, Late City Ed., 10 Oct. 1976, Sec.听1,听听p.听37, col.听1.
h.听 An editorial.
76听鈥淭he Spirit of 鈥�77,鈥� Editorial,听Washington Post, 21 Jan. 1977, Sec.听A,听听p.听22, col.听1鈥�2.
i.听 An anonymous article.
77听鈥淎 Return to Guido Gozzano: An Italian Poet Rediscovered,鈥澨�Italy: Documents and Notes, 17, No.听1 (1968),听听55鈥�60.
j.听 A letter to the editor.
78听Harry T. Moore, Letter,听Sewanee Review, 71 (1963), 347鈥�48.
k.听 Reviews, signed and unsigned.听After the reviewer鈥檚 name, state the title of the review (if there is one), the title and author of the work under review (preceded by 鈥渞ev. of鈥�), and the appropriate publication information. If the review is unsigned, begin the citation with the title of the review or, if untitled, simply with 鈥淩ev. of.鈥�
79听Melvin Maddocks, 鈥淪ermonets and Stoicism,鈥� rev. of听Not So Wild a Dream, by Eric Sevareid,听Time, 30 Aug. 1976, p.听69.
80听Patricia Merivale, rev. of听George Eliot and Flaubert: Pioneers of the Modern Novel, by Barbara Smalley,听Comparative Literature Studies, 13 (1976), 76鈥�77.
81听鈥淭he Cooling of an Admiration,鈥� rev. of听Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce, ed. Forrest Read,听Times Literary Supplement, 6 March 1969, pp.听239鈥�40.
82听Rev. of听Anthology of Danish Literature, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen and P. M. Mitchell,听Times Literary Supplement, 7 July 1972, p.听785.
l.听 An article whose title contains a quotation or a title within quotation marks.
83听Warren Carrier, 鈥淐ommonplace Costumes and Essential Gaudiness: Wallace Stevens鈥� 鈥楾he Emperor of Ice-Cream,鈥欌�澨�College Literature, 1 (1974), 230.
On titles within titles, see 搂13c.
m.听 An article from听Dissertation Abstracts听or听Dissertation Abstracts International.听Beginning with Vol.听30 (1969),听Dissertation Abstracts听(DA) became听Dissertation Abstracts International听(DAI). From Vol.听27 on, the听DA听and听DAI听are paginated in two series: 鈥淎鈥� for humanities and social sciences, 鈥淏鈥� for the sciences. It is useful to identify the degree-granting institution in parentheses at the end of a听DA听or听DAI听citation.
84听Eric L. Gans, 鈥淭he Discovery of Illusion: Flaubert鈥檚 Early Works, 1835鈥�1837,鈥澨�DA, 27 (1967), 3046A (Johns Hopkins).
35听 听First Note References for Other Sources
For bibliographical examples that parallel the sample notes in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of 搂44.
a.听 Manuscripts and typescripts.听In citing such sources, state, among other details, the location of the material, the identifying number (if any) that may have been assigned to it, and whether it is a manuscript (MS) or typescript (TS). Manuscripts are usually foliated (i.e., numbered by leaves rather than pages); use 鈥渇ol.鈥� To indicate the leaf of a manuscript being quoted.
85听Notebook 32, TS, p.听50. This and all other notebooks cited are in the Mark Twain Papers, Univ. of California, Berkeley.
86听This is translated from the colophon of Bodley MS.听901.
87听Biblioth猫que Nationale MS. Nouv. Acq. 1159.
88听Morgan Library MS.听819, fol.听17.
Note that in the above citations the location of the typescript from the Mark Twain Papers is explicitly stated but that the locations of the other manuscripts鈥攖he Bodleian and Morgan libraries and the Biblioth猫que Nationale鈥攁re identified by being incorporated into the manuscript numbers.
b.听 Lectures.听Give the speaker鈥檚 name, the title of the lecture (if known) in quotation marks, the sponsoring organization (if applicable), the location, and the date.
89听Madeleine Doran, 鈥淭he Style and the Story: Shakespeare鈥檚 Appropriate and Varying Artistry,鈥� English Section I, MLA Convention, San Francisco, 27 Dec. 1975.
c.听 Films.听The citation must include the title ([italicized]), distributor, and date. Other information (writer, director, performers, producer, etc.) may be given if pertinent. Physical characteristics (e.g., size and length of film) may also be given (in parentheses after the date) if this information might be useful to the reader.
90听Bernardo Bertolucci, dir.,听Last Tango in Paris, with Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider, United Artists, 1972.
d.听 Theatrical performances.听References to theatrical performances should contain information similar to that given for films but should also include theater, city, and date of performance. In some cases, it is desirable to cite the conductor (cond.) or choreographer (chor.). the person cited first may vary, depending on the desired emphasis (cf. 搂搂 32l and 32m).
91听John Gielgud, dir.,听Hamlet, by Shakespeare, with Richard Burton, Shubert Theatre, Boston, 4 March 1964.
92听John Kander and Fred Ebb,听Chicago, dir. Bob Fosse, with Gwen Verdon, Chita Rivera, and Jerry Orbach, Forty-Sixth Street Theatre, New York, 20 Oct. 1975.
93听Robert Shaw, cond., Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Concert, Atlanta Arts Center, 14 May 1974.
94听Sarah Caldwell, dir. and cond.,听La Traviata, with Beverly Sills, Opera Company of Boston, Orpheum Theatre, Boston, 4 Nov. 1972.
95听George Balanchine, chor.,听Harlequinade, New York City Ballet, New York State Theater, New York, 8 July 1968.
e.听 Musical compositions听should be cited in the text if possible. If they must be cited in the notes鈥攊n order not to clutter the text with opus numbers, for example鈥攆ollow the guidelines on titles in 搂13.
96听Beethoven, Symphony No.听7 in A, op.听92.
f.听 Works of art听should be cited in the text if possible. If a statue or painting must be cited in the notes, follow the guidelines on titles in 搂13. Remember to identify the institution housing the work (e.g., the museum) as well as the city. If only a photograph of the work is used, indicate this and include its source in citing the work.
97听Rembrandt,听Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
98听Jean-Antoine Houdon,听Statue of Voltaire, Com茅die Fran莽aise, Paris; Illus.听51 in听Literature through Art: A New approach to French Literature, by Helmut A. Hatzfeld (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1952), p.听118.
g.听 Radio or television programs听are cited as follows: title of program ([italicized]), network or local station and its city, and date of broadcast. Where appropriate, the title of the episode (in quotation marks) is given before the title of the program and the title of the series (not [italicized] and not in quotation marks) is given after the program. Other information (director, narrator, producer) may be given if pertinent.
99听鈥淭he Joy Ride,鈥� writ. Alfred Shaughnessy,听Upstairs, Downstairs, created by Eileen Atkins and Jean Marsh dir. Bill Bain, prod. John Hawkesworth, Masterpiece Theatre, introd. Alistair Cooke, PBS, 6 Feb. 1977.
100听The First Americans, narr. Hugh Downs, writ. and prod. Craig Fisher, NBC News Special, 21 March 1968.
101听The Black Cat, dir. Hi Brown, CBS Mystery Theater, 4 Nov. 1973.
h.听 Recordings听that are commercially available require a citation that includes composer (or performer), title of record or tape [or compact disc or DVD etc.] (or of the works on the recording), artist(s), manufacturer, catalog number, and year of issue (if unknown, indicate 鈥渘.d.鈥�; see 搂32t). The physical characteristics may be included (in parentheses) following the catalog number if the information is relevant or if the recording is not readily available (see sample note 107).
102听Giuseppe Verdi,听Rigoletto, with Joan Sutherland, Luciano Pavarotti, Sherrill Milnes, and Martti Talvela, cond. Richard Bonynge, London Symphony Orchestra and Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Records, OSA-12105, 1973.
103听Billie Holiday, 鈥淕od Bless the Child,鈥澨�Essential Billie Holiday, Verve, 68410, 1961.
The title of a recording of classical music (e.g.,听Mozart on a Summer鈥檚 Evening) is often less important than the list of works recorded and may be omitted from the citation. Titles of musical compositions, as mentioned above (搂13a), are not [italicized] or put in quotation marks if identified only by form, number, and key.
104听Wolfgang A. Mozart, Divertimento in D (K.听334) and Notturno (Serenade) in D (K.听286), cond. Neville Mariner, Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields Orchestra, Argo, ZRG听705, 1973.
Recordings of the spoken word should be treated in the same way, usually with the speaker cited first.
105听Edward R. Murrow,听Year of Decision: 1943, Columbia, CPS-3872, 1957.
106听Robert Frost, 鈥淪topping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,鈥澨�Robert Frost Reads His Poetry, Caedmon, XC听783, 1952.
The titles of private or archival recordings and tapes should not be [italicized]. The date recorded (if known) and the location and identifying number of the recording should also be included.
107听D. K. Wilgus, Southern Folk Tales, recorded 23鈥�25 March 1965, Univ. of California, Los Angeles Archives of Folklore, B.76.82 (7陆听ips, 7″ reel).
Jacket notes, librettos, and other material accompanying a recording may be cited as follows:
108听David Lewiston, Jacket Notes,听The Balinese Gamelan: Music from the Morning of the World, Nonesuch Explorer Series, H-2015, n.d.
109听Colette, Libretto,听L鈥橢nfant et les sortil猫ges, by Maurice Ravel, with Suzanne Danco and Hugues Cuenod, cond. Ernest Ansermet, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Richmond-London, SR听33086, n.d., p.听8.
110听William Weaver, 鈥淭he Making of听Turandot,鈥� in Libretto,听Turandot, by Giacomo Puccini, with Birgit Nilsson and Franco Corelli, cond. Francesco Molinari-Pradelli, Rome Opera House Orchestra and Chorus, Angel, CL-3671, 1966, pp.听5鈥�6.
i.听 Personal letters听fall into three general categories for the researcher: published letters, letters in archives, and letters received by the researcher. Treat published letters as works in a collection (see 搂搂 32g and 32h), adding date of letter and number, if one has been assigned by the editor. In citing unpublished letters, follow the basic guidelines for manuscripts and typescripts (搂35a) and for private and archival recordings and tapes (搂35h).
111听鈥淭o George Henry Lewes,鈥� 6 March 1848, Letter 452,听Letters and Private Papers of William Makepeace Thackeray, ed. Gordon N. Ray (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1946), II, 353鈥�54.
112听Thomas Hart Benton, Letter to John Charles Fremont, 22 June 1847, John Charles Fremont Papers, Southwest Museum Library, Los Angeles, Calif.
Cite a letter personally received as follows:
113听Letter received from Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 17 May 1976.
Some scholars use the abbreviations ALS (autograph letter signed) and TLS (typed letter signed) to distinguish between handwritten and typewritten letters.
j.听 Personal and telephone interviews听require the name of the person making the statement and the date it was made. The note should specify at the outset the mode of communication.
114听Personal interview with Kurt Vonnegut, 27 July 1976.
115听Telephone interview with Alvin F. Poussaint, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 7 May 1975.
k.听 Documents from an information service.听Treat documents secured from an information service鈥攕uch as ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) or NTIS (National Technical Information Service)鈥攍ike other printed materials, adding a reference to the source. If the document was published separately from the information service, give full details of its original publication, followed by its identifying number in the information service.
116听Bernard Spolsky,听Navajo Language Maintenance: Six-Year-Olds in 1969, Navajo Reading Study Prog. Report No.听5 (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico, 1969), p.听22 (ERIC ED 043听004).
If the document was not previously published, treat the distribution of the document by the information service as the mode of publication.
117听Paul R. Streiff,听Some Criteria for Designing Evaluation of TESOL Programs听(ERIC ED 040听385), p.听10.
Note that there is no place of publication for documents distributed by EDRS (ERIC Document Reproduction Service), since the location of this government-sponsored services changes.
l.听 Indirect sources.听Whenever possible, information should be taken from the original source, not a secondhand one. In some instances, however, the most direct source is an indirect one; for example, a spoken remark may be recorded in the journals of someone present when it was made or of someone to whom the remark was later retold.
118听Samuel Johnson, 20 March 1776, as quoted in James Boswell,听The Life of Johnson, ed. George Birkbeck Hill and L. F. Powell, II (Oxford: Clarendon, 1934), 450.
On some occasions, it may be necessary to quote from a quotation within another book when the original book is not available. In these instances, give all information that is available to you about the original work.
119听Bernardo Segni,听Rettorica et poetica d鈥橝ristotile听(Florence: L. Torrentino, 1549), p.听281, as quoted in Bernard Weinberg,听A History of Literary Criticism in the Italian Renaissance听(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961), I, 405.
120听Lionardo Salviati,听Poetica d鈥橝ristotile parafrasata e comentata听(Florence, 1586), MS. II. II. 11., Bibl. Naz. Centrale, Florence, fol.听140听v, as quoted in Weinberg, I, 616鈥�17.
36听 听Consolidation of References
Whenever feasible, consolidate references in your notes. The sources of several items within a sentence or paragraph can often be incorporated in the same note, with individual citations separated by semicolons.
121听This paper on how to prepare an index is indebted to Kenneth L. Pike, 鈥淗ow to Make an Index,鈥澨�PMLA, 83 (1968), 991鈥�93; Robert L. Collison,听Indexing Books听(New York: DeGraff, 1962); Sina Spiker,听Indexing Your Book听(Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1964); and听A Manual of Style, 12th ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969), pp.听399鈥�430.
37听 听Subsequent References to a Book or Periodical
a.听 General remarks.听After a work has been fully identified in a note, it is subsequently cited in shortened form. Be brief. Be clear. Make sure that the reader can recognize what work is being cited. In most cases, the author鈥檚 last name alone, followed by relevant page numbers, will do. For example, a second or later reference to Northrop Frye鈥檚听Anatomy of Criticism, cited above as sample note 1 (搂32b), would simply be:
122听Frye, pp.听345鈥�47.
The once popular abbreviations 鈥渙p. cit.鈥� (鈥渋n the work cited鈥�) and 鈥渓oc. cit.鈥� (in the place cited鈥�) are now considered superfluous. If two or more authors with the identical surname or two or more works by the same author are cited鈥擣rye鈥檚听Anatomy of Criticism听as well as his听The Critical Path鈥攃itations after the first full reference note should include a shortened form of the title after the author鈥檚 last name.
123听Frye,听Anatomy, p.听278.
124听Frye,听Critical Path, pp.听1鈥�10.
If an unfamiliar abbreviation is used in repeated citations of a work, indicate in the first note the shortened form of subsequent references. Such short-form citations can and often should be included, within parentheses, in the body of the text instead of in the notes.
125听George Watson, ed.,听The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, III (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969), col.听270; hereafter cited as听NCBEL.
For subsequent references to articles in periodicals, give the author鈥檚 name and the page number(s). (In the absence of a volume number, remember to indicate 鈥減.鈥� or 鈥減p.鈥�) For example, a second or later reference to the article by Jarold W. Ramsey cited as sample note 67 (搂34b) would be:
126听Ramsey, p.听16.
If two or more articles by the same author are being used, add a shortened form of the title: Ramsey, 鈥淭he Wife Who Goes Out,鈥� p.听13.
Repeat information when two references in sequence refer to the same work; do not use 鈥渋bid.鈥� On frequent reference to the same work, see 搂搂 13e and 37b.
b.听 Notes and parenthetical references combined.听When dealing extensively with a single work (as in a term paper on a novel) or with several works by the same author, give in a note a first full reference to the edition being used and indicate all further references to that work parenthetically within the text.
Note:
127听Jonathan Swift,听Gulliver鈥檚 Travels, ed. Robert B. Heilman, rev. ed. (New York: Modern Library-Random House, 1969), Pt.听I, Ch.听iii (p.听49). All further references to this work appear in the text.
Subsequent reference in text:
听听听听听听听听听听听In Brobdingnag, Gulliver is attacked by rats and by 鈥渁bove twenty wasps 鈥� humming louder than the drones of as many bagpipes鈥� (Pt.听II, Ch.听iii; p.听123).
When the quotation is incorporated into the text, place the final period after the closing parenthesis, not before the closing quotation mark. When the quotation is set off from the text, place the period at the end of the quotation before the parenthetical statement and omit punctuation after the closing parenthesis.
Gulliver thus describes his encounter with the giant wasps of Brobdingnag:
I remember one morning when 鈥�, after I had lifted up one of my sashes and sat down at my table to eat a piece of sweet cake for my breakfast, above twenty wasps, allured by the smell, came flying into the room, humming louder than the drones of as many bagpipes. Some of them seized my cake and carried it piecemeal away; others flow about my head and face, confounding me with the noise and putting me in the utmost terror of their stings. (Pt.听II, Ch.听iii; p.听123)
It is usual鈥攁fter specifying in a note the edition being used鈥攖o cite a play or long poem by a short title or familiar abbreviation and by main division and line numbers separated by periods (not commas) without spacing. Such a reference can usually be inserted within parentheses in the text immediately after the quotation. 鈥� When in doubt about an abbreviation, consult the instructor 鈥�. An unfamiliar abbreviation should be explained, as in sample note 125 in 搂37a.
Iliad听XI.19
I Chron. xxi.8
Luke xiv.5
Oth.听IV.ii.7鈥�13听听听听听[Oth.听For Shakespeare鈥檚听Othello]
FQ听III.iii.53.3听听听听听听听听[FQ听for Spenser鈥檚听Faerie Queene]
Notice that commas are not used after the titles in these references. If the title has been mentioned in the text or is clearly implied, it need not be repeated in the documentation. 鈥�
38听 听Other Uses of Notes
Besides documenting assertions and quotations, notes may direct the reader鈥檚 attention to previous studies that support, or disagree with, the ideas being presented or modified in the study. Writers who work with foreign languages sometimes place in a note the English translation of a passage quoted; those who are addressing an audience unlikely to know the foreign language frequently offer the translation in the text and the original in the note. Some writers use notes for peripheral explications or comments, but essay-like notes divert the reader鈥檚 attention from the primary text. In general, omit exposition that cannot be accommodated in the text.
39听 听Other Methods of Documentation
Parenthetical documentation (i.e., in the text) for听all听references is employed only in papers requiring very few citations or in bibliographical studies. If adopting this practice, remember to place听in the text听all the information normally found in the notes. The method may vary.
In听Principles of Tragedy听(Coral Gables, Fla.: Univ. of Miami Press, 1968), p.听57, Geoffrey Brereton states that 鈥�.
Klaus Weissenberger鈥�Formen der Elegie von Goethe bis Celan听(Bern: Francke, 1969), p.听118鈥攁rgues that 鈥�.
John A. Jones (Pope鈥檚 Couplet Art听[Athens: Ohio Univ. Press, 1969], p.听105) analyzes 鈥�.
Mary Ann Caws (The Presence of Ren茅 Char, Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1976, pp.听322鈥�24) concludes 鈥�.
In scientific and technical writing, 鈥� footnotes are commonly omitted; instead, an author-date, author-title, or number system refers the reader to an appended bibliography, even for the initial citation of a work. In the author-date and author-title systems, only the author鈥檚 last name, a shortened title (if more than one work by that author is being used) or the date of publication, and the page number(s) need be given.
Only one study has even touched upon this question (Smith, 10鈥�15).
Only one study has even touched upon this question (Smith,听Principles, 10鈥�15).
Only one study has even touched upon this question (Smith, 1972, 10鈥�15).
Scientific and technical writers using the number system assign numbers to the works in the bibliography and cite in parenthetical documentation only the number of the work (sometimes [italicized or bolded]) and the page number(s).
Only one study has even touched upon this question (36, 10鈥�15).
鈥�
Footnote
听听1听听Like this. And suppose you had found only 鈥淚bid.鈥�