{"id":259,"date":"2018-01-10T08:16:31","date_gmt":"2018-01-10T13:16:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/keirarmstrong\/?page_id=259"},"modified":"2018-01-29T17:48:54","modified_gmt":"2018-01-29T22:48:54","slug":"abbreviations-and-reference-words","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/keirarmstrong\/learning-resources\/essay-guidelines\/abbreviations-and-reference-words\/","title":{"rendered":"Abbreviations and Reference Words"},"content":{"rendered":"

The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations<\/em>, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.\u00a0122\u2013133.<\/strong><\/p>\n

45\u00a0\u00a0General Remarks<\/strong><\/p>\n

Common sense should guide the use of abbreviations in notes and bibliographies. Economy of space is important, but clarity more so.<\/p>\n

46\u00a0\u00a0Abbreviations<\/strong><\/p>\n

In notes and bibliographies, use common abbreviations of\u00a0dates<\/em>\u00a0(Feb., 18th century), of\u00a0institutions<\/em>\u00a0(Acad., Assn., Coll., Dept., Inst., Soc., Univ.), of\u00a0publications<\/em>\u00a0(Bull., Diss., Jour., Mag.), and of [provinces<\/em>,]\u00a0states and countries<\/em>\u00a0([Ont. or ON,] Fla. or FL, Eng.). \u2026 Abbreviations that end in a small letter are followed by a period. A person\u2019s initials are always spaced. Abbreviations with more than two letters and those omitting periods are never spaced; practice with regard to two-letter abbreviations with periods varies.<\/p>\n

H. N. Smith<\/p>\n

Ph.D.<\/p>\n

M.A.<\/p>\n

L. C.<\/p>\n

MLA<\/p>\n

Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

A tendency in documentation is to omit periods in abbreviations consisting of initials of well-known periodicals (TLS<\/em>\u00a0for\u00a0Times Literary Supplement<\/em>), learned societies and professional organizations (AMA, ACLS), and books (DND<\/em>, not\u00a0DNB<\/em>., although\u00a0D.N.B.<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0Dict. Nat. Biog.<\/em>\u00a0is equally correct;\u00a0OED<\/em>, formerly known as\u00a0N.E.D.<\/em>;\u00a0DAB<\/em>). It should be noted that some journals\u2014among others,\u00a0ELH<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0PMLA<\/em>\u2014have initial letter abbreviations (without periods) as actual titles and also that most journals with single-word titles (Speculum<\/em>) have no widely accepted abbreviations. Generally speaking, in citing periodicals, abbreviate only those titles likely to be familiar to the reader. Professional scholars in all disciplines tend to refer to journals and reference works within their discipline by acronyms:\u00a0CBEL<\/em>\u00a0for\u00a0Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature<\/em>;\u00a0JEGP<\/em>\u00a0for\u00a0Journal of English and Germanic Philology<\/em>. (\u2026) Unless your intended audience is familiar with these acronyms, do not use them. Instead, abbreviate common words in order to save space.<\/p>\n

47\u00a0 \u00a0Use of Italics in Abbreviations<\/strong><\/p>\n

As noted above (\u00a710h), accepted style has long been to [italicize] unquoted foreign words and phrases in an English text but not to [italicize] such words when familiarity and continued use have added them to the English stock. This convention has been widely applied to many common abbreviations of Latin words (A.D., p.m., P.S., cf., e.g., etc., i.e., viz., vs.) and by most instructors and scholarly writers to some of the abbreviations used in scholarship (et seq., q.v., s.v.).<\/p>\n

48\u00a0 \u00a0List of Common Abbreviations and Reference Words<\/strong><\/p>\n

acad.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0academy<\/p>\n

A.D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0anno Domini \u2018in the year of the Lord,\u2019 No space between; precedes numerals (A.D. 14). Cf. \u201cB.C.\u201d<\/p>\n

ALS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0autograph letter signed<\/p>\n

anon.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0anonymous<\/p>\n

ante\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2018before.\u2019 But \u201cbefore\u201d is preferred.<\/p>\n

app.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0appendix<\/p>\n

art., arts.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0article(s)<\/p>\n

assn.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0association<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 born (\u2026)<\/p>\n

B.C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0before Christ. No space between; follows numerals (19 B.C.). Cf. \u201cA.D.\u201d<\/p>\n

B.C.E.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0before Common Era. No space between.<\/p>\n

bibliog..\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0bibliography, bibliographer, bibliographical<\/p>\n

biog.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0biography, biographer, biographical<\/p>\n

bk., bks.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0book(s)<\/p>\n

B.M.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0British Museum, London (now British Library). No space between.<\/p>\n

B.N.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale. No space between.<\/p>\n

bull.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0bulletin<\/p>\n

\u00a9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0copyright (\u00a9\u00a01977)<\/p>\n

c., ca.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0circa<\/em>\u00a0\u2018about.\u2019 Used with approximate dates (c.\u00a01796)<\/p>\n

C.E.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Common Era. No space between.<\/p>\n

cf.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0confer<\/em>\u00a0\u2018compare.\u2019 Never use \u201ccf.\u201d when \u201csee\u201d is intended. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

ch., chs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0chapter(s)<\/p>\n

chor., chors.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0choreographed by, choreographer(s)<\/p>\n

col., cols.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0column(s)<\/p>\n

coll.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0college<\/p>\n

comp., comps.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0compiled by, compiler(s)<\/p>\n

cond.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0conducted by, conductor<\/p>\n

Cong.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Congress<\/p>\n

Cong. Rec.<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Congressional Record<\/em><\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0died (\u2026)<\/p>\n

DA<\/em>,\u00a0DAI<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts<\/em>,\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em><\/p>\n

D.A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Doctor of Arts. No space between.<\/p>\n

DAB<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dictionary of American English<\/em><\/p>\n

dept.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0department<\/p>\n

dir., dirs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0directed by, director(s)<\/p>\n

diss.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0dissertation<\/p>\n

DNB<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dictionary of National Biography<\/em><\/p>\n

doc., docs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0document(s)<\/p>\n

E, Eng.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0English<\/p>\n

ed., eds.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0edited by, editor(s), edition(s). Some prefer \u201cedn.\u201d for \u201cedition.\u201d<\/p>\n

ed. cit.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0cit.editio citata<\/em>\u00a0\u2018edition cited.\u2019 Avoid using.<\/p>\n

e.g.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0exempli gratia<\/em>\u00a0\u2018for example.\u2019 Rarely capitalized; no space between; set off by commas. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

enl.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0enlarged (as in \u201crev. and enl. ed.\u201d)<\/p>\n

et al.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0et alii<\/em>\u00a0\u2018and others\u2019<\/p>\n

et seq.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0et sequens<\/em>,\u00a0sequential<\/em>\u00a0\u2018and the following.\u2019 But see \u201cf., ff.\u201d<\/p>\n

etc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0et cetera<\/em>\u00a0\u2018and so forth.\u2019 Avoid using in text. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

ex., exs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0example(s)<\/p>\n

f., ff.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and the following (with a space after a numeral) pages(s) or line(s). But exact references are preferable: pp.\u00a053\u201358 instead of pp.\u00a053\u00a0ff.<\/p>\n

facsim., facs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0facsimile<\/p>\n

fasc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0fascicle<\/p>\n

fig., figs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0figure(s)<\/p>\n

floruit<\/em>\u00a0\u2018flourished, reached greatest development or influence.\u2019 Used before dates of historical figures when birth and death dates are not known.<\/p>\n

fn.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 footnote. \u201cn.\u201d is preferred.<\/p>\n

fol., fols.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0folio(s)<\/p>\n

Fr.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0French<\/p>\n

front.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0frontispiece<\/p>\n

GPO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

Ger.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0German<\/p>\n

Gk.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Greek<\/p>\n

H. Doc.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0[U.S.] House [of Representatives] Document<\/p>\n

hist.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0history, historian, historical<\/p>\n

HMSO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Her (His) Majesty\u2019s Stationary Office<\/p>\n

H.R.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[U.S.] House of Representative. No space between.<\/p>\n

H.\u00a0Rept.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [U.S.] House [of Representatives] Report<\/p>\n

H.\u00a0Res.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0[U.S.] House [of Representatives] Resolution<\/p>\n

ibid.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ibidem<\/em>\u00a0\u2018in the same place,\u2019 i.e., the single title cited in the note immediately preceding. Not to be introduced by \u201cin.\u201d May be followed by page number(s) preceded by \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d Avoid using ibid. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

i.e.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0id est<\/em>\u00a0\u2018that is.\u2019 Rarely capitalized; no space between; set off by commas. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

illus.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0illustrated (by), illustrator, illustration(s)<\/p>\n

infra\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2018below.\u2019 But \u201cbelow\u201d is preferred.<\/p>\n

inst.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0institute, institution<\/p>\n

introd.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(author of) introduction, introduced by, introduction<\/p>\n

ips\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0inches per second (used in reference to recording tapes)<\/p>\n

It.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Italian<\/p>\n

jour.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0journal<\/p>\n

l., ll.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0line(s)<\/p>\n

lang., langs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0language(s)<\/p>\n

L, Lat.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Latin<\/p>\n

L. C.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Library of Congress. Usually a space between.<\/p>\n

loc. cit.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0loco citato<\/em>\u00a0\u2018in the place (passage) cited,\u2019 i.e., in the same passage referred to in a recent note. Never follow \u201cloc. cit.\u201d with a page number. (\u2026) Repeating the page is as easy for the writer and more convenient for the reader. Avoid using.<\/p>\n

M.A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Master of Arts. No space between.<\/p>\n

mag.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0magazine<\/p>\n

ME\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Middle English<\/p>\n

MHG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Middle High German<\/p>\n

ms, mss\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0manuscript(s) (the many mss of Chaucer). Capitalize MS and follow it with a period when referring to a specific manuscript (Bodleian MS. Tanner 43).<\/p>\n

M.S.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Master of Science. No space between.<\/p>\n

n., nn.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0note(s) (p.\u00a056, n.\u00a03). Preferred to \u201cfn.\u201d; occasionally written without a period and closed up to the page number: p.\u00a056n. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

narr., narrs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0narrated by, narrator(s)<\/p>\n

N.B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0nota bene<\/em>\u00a0\u2018take notice, mark well.\u2019 No space between.<\/p>\n

n.d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0no date (in a book\u2019s imprint). No space between. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

N.E.D.<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0New English Dictionary<\/em>. No spaces between. Cf.\u00a0OED<\/em>.<\/p>\n

no., nos.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0number(s). Cf. \u201cnumb.\u201d<\/p>\n

n.p.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0no place (of publication) (\u2026); no publisher. No space between.<\/p>\n

n. pag.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0no pagination. Space between.<\/p>\n

NS (or N.S.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0New Series; New Style (calendar)<\/p>\n

numb.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0numbered<\/p>\n

OE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Old English<\/p>\n

OED<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Oxford English Dictionary<\/em>. Formerly the\u00a0New English Dictionary<\/em>\u00a0(N.E.D.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

OF, OFr.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Old French<\/p>\n

OHG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Old High German<\/p>\n

OIr.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Old Irish<\/p>\n

op.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 opus (work)<\/p>\n

op. cit.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0opere citato<\/em>\u00a0\u2018in the work cited.\u2019 The most abused of scholarly abbreviations, it is properly used in citing a passage on a different page (cf. \u201cloc. cit.\u201d) of a work recently noted, but in such instances the author\u2019s name alone may suffice or the name and a short title may be clearer. Avoid using.<\/p>\n

OS (or O.S.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Old Series, Original Series; Old Style (calendar)<\/p>\n

p., pp.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0page(s). Omit if volume number precedes. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

par., pars.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0paragraph(s)<\/p>\n

passim\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2018throughout the work, here and there\u2019 (as \u201cpp.\u00a078, 111, et passim\u201d)<\/p>\n

Ph.D.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Doctor of Philosophy. No space between.<\/p>\n

philol.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0philological<\/p>\n

philos.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0philosophical<\/p>\n

pl., pls.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0plate(s)<\/p>\n

post\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2018after.\u2019 But \u201cafter\u201d is preferred.<\/p>\n

pref.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0preface (\u201cby\u201d understood in context)<\/p>\n

proc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0proceedings<\/p>\n

prod. prods.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0produced by, producer(s)<\/p>\n

Prov.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Proven\u00e7al<\/p>\n

pseud.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0pseudonym<\/p>\n

pt., pts.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0part(s)<\/p>\n

pub., pubs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0published by, publication(s)<\/p>\n

q.v.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0quod vide<\/em>\u00a0\u2018which see.\u2019 No space between.<\/p>\n

r\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/sup>recto<\/em>\u00a0\u2018right-hand page\u2019 (as B4\u00a0r<\/sup>); or, when describing a single sheet, the front. See \u201cv<\/sup>\u201d and \u00a732v.<\/p>\n

reg.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0registered<\/p>\n

rept., repts.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0reported by, report(s)<\/p>\n

res.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0resolution<\/p>\n

resp.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0respectively (pp. 56, 17, 89, 6, resp.)<\/p>\n

rev.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0revised (by), revision; review, reviewed (by). It is better to spell out \u201creview\u201d if there is any possibility of ambiguity.<\/p>\n

rpm\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0revolutions per minute (used of recordings)<\/p>\n

rpt.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0reprinted (by), reprint<\/p>\n

S.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Senate<\/p>\n

sc.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0scene (\u2026)<\/p>\n

S. Doc.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Senate Document<\/p>\n

Sec., secs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0section(s)<\/p>\n

ser.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0series<\/p>\n

sess.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Session<\/p>\n

sic\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2018thus, so.\u2019 Between square brackets when used as an editorial interpolation (see \u00a714e); otherwise within parentheses. Avoid using with an exclamation mark.<\/p>\n

sig., sigs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0signature(s)<\/p>\n

soc.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0society<\/p>\n

Sp.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Spanish<\/p>\n

S. Rept.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Senate Report<\/p>\n

S. Res.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Senate Resolution<\/p>\n

st., sts.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0stanza(s)<\/p>\n

St., Sts.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Saint(s) (\u2026)<\/p>\n

sup.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0supra<\/em>\u00a0\u2018above.\u2019 But \u201cabove\u201d is preferred.<\/p>\n

supp., supps.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0supplement(s)<\/p>\n

s.v.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0sub verbo<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0voce<\/em>\u00a0\u2018under the word or heading.\u2019 No space between.<\/p>\n

TLS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0typed letter signed<\/p>\n

trans. (or tr.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0translated by, translator, translation<\/p>\n

univ.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0university<\/p>\n

v\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/sup>verso<\/em>\u00a0\u2018left-hand page\u2019 (as B4v<\/sup>); or, when describing a single sheet, the back. See \u201cr<\/sup>\u201d and \u00a732v.<\/p>\n

v.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0vide<\/em>\u00a0\u2018see\u2019<\/p>\n

v., vs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0versus \u2018against.\u2019 Cf. \u201cv., vv.\u201d<\/p>\n

v., vv.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0verse(s). Cf. \u201cv., vs.\u201d<\/p>\n

v.d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0various dates. No space between. Avoid using.<\/p>\n

viz.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0videlicet<\/em>\u00a0\u2018namely.\u2019 With or without a period; usage varies. Avoid using.<\/p>\n

vol., vols.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0volume(s) (Vol. II of 3 vols.). Omit \u201cVol.\u201d and \u201cp.\u201d when both items are supplied. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

50\u00a0 \u00a0b.\u00a0\u00a0Common correction symbols and abbreviations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ab<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Faulty abbreviation<\/p>\n

Adj<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Improper use of adjective<\/p>\n

Adv<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Improper use of adverb<\/p>\n

Agr<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Faulty agreement<\/p>\n

Amb<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ambiguous<\/p>\n

Awk<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Awkward expression or construction<\/p>\n

Cap<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Faulty capitalization<\/p>\n

D<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Faulty diction<\/p>\n

Dgl<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Dangling construction<\/p>\n

Frag<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Fragment<\/p>\n

lc<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Use lower case<\/p>\n

Num<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Error in use of numbers<\/p>\n

||<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Lack of parallelism<\/p>\n

P<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Faulty punctuation<\/p>\n

Ref<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Unclear pronoun reference<\/p>\n

Rep<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Unnecessary repetition<\/p>\n

R-O<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Run-on<\/p>\n

Sp<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Error in spelling<\/p>\n

SS<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Faulty sentence structure<\/p>\n

T<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Wrong tense of verb<\/p>\n

Tr<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transpose elements<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Wrong verb form<\/p>\n

Wdy<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Wordy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.\u00a0122\u2013133. 45\u00a0\u00a0General Remarks Common sense should guide the use of abbreviations in notes and bibliographies. 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