{"id":256,"date":"2018-01-10T08:15:16","date_gmt":"2018-01-10T13:15:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/keirarmstrong\/?page_id=256"},"modified":"2018-01-29T09:29:21","modified_gmt":"2018-01-29T14:29:21","slug":"bibliography","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/keirarmstrong\/learning-resources\/essay-guidelines\/bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"Bibliography"},"content":{"rendered":"

The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations<\/em>, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.\u00a097\u2013121.<\/strong><\/p>\n

40\u00a0 \u00a0Content, Placement, and Arrangement of the Bibliography\u00a01<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Content.<\/strong>\u00a0The bibliography of a research paper usually lists all the works referred to in the text and notes. It is called Bibliography or Works Cited (use the latter if it includes films, recordings, or other nonprint sources). A bibliography that contains descriptive or evaluative comments on bibliographical entries is [titled] Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited. The title Works Consulted indicates the inclusion of works not cited in the text and notes. Avoid padding: do not list works you have not used (unless you are compiling the its for its own value).<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Placement.<\/strong>\u00a0The bibliography comes at the end of the research paper \u2026. The bibliography of a term paper is double-spaced (\u2026). If an entry runs to more than one line, indent the second and subsequent lines \u2026; continue the list on as many pages as necessary. \u2026 Number items in the bibliography only if you are using parenthetical documentation and the number system described in \u00a739. In that case, place an Arabic numeral, followed by a period and a single space, before each entry.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 Arrangement.<\/strong>\u00a0The bibliographical entries of a short paper are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name or, if anonymous, by title\u2014determined by the first word other than a definite or indefinite article (A Guide to Dining Out<\/em>\u00a0is alphabetized under \u201cG\u201d). Occasionally, as in historical studies, the writer may with to list items of the bibliography in chronological order, according to publication date; but this practice is rare.<\/p>\n

If the bibliography is sizable, as in a dissertation, book, or long research paper, the writer may divide the bibliography into sections, with each section alphabetically arranged within itself. The bibliography may be divided simply into Primary Sources and Secondary Sources (\u2026). In a paper dealing with several Renaissance poets, for instance, the works of the poets themselves would be listed under Primary Sources; the works of criticism, historical background, and similar material would be listed under Secondary Sources. Bibliographies are sometimes arranged according to research media: books, articles, recordings. Another method is to divide by subject matter. The list of works consulted for a study of several French statesmen, for example, might contain a separate section for each figure involved; the bibliography of a paper of Watergate could have such divisions as \u201cHistorical Background,\u201d \u201cLegal Precedents,\u201d \u201cMoral and Philosophical Issues,\u201d and \u201cPolitical Consequences.\u201d A bibliographical arrangement could also be based on chronology or geography. The sections of a bibliography on capital punishment in the Western world could relate to periods of time: \u201cClassical Greece and Rome,\u201d \u201cThe Middle Ages and Renaissance,\u201d and so forth; those on a study of famine in modern times, to places: \u201cAsia,\u201d \u201cAfrica,\u201d and the like.<\/p>\n

41\u00a0 \u00a0Differences in Form Between Note and Bibliographical Citations<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 In general,<\/strong>\u00a0the same information is contained in both the note and bibliographical citation. There are exceptions to this rule, however, as well as several differences in form.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Name(s) of author(s) and title.<\/strong>\u00a0In the bibliography, the author\u2019s name is reversed for alphabetizing. If there is more than one author, only the first name is reversed, followed by a comma: Wellek, Ren\u00e9, and Austin Warren. The title in the bibliographical citation should be complete, including any subtitle; in the note, as stated above (\u00a732b), it need not be complete. The treatment of titles ([italicized] or placed in quotation marks) is the same as in notes (see \u00a713).<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 Publication information.<\/strong>\u00a0As in a note, the place of publication and the publisher are separated by a colon, and the publisher and date by a comma; but this information is not enclosed in parentheses in the bibliography. In citations of periodicals, yearbooks, and reference books like the\u00a0DAB<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0DNB<\/em>, the year (sometimes preceded by the month or season) appears in parentheses following the volume number, edition, or title itself. The name of the degree-granting institution in the bibliographical citation of an article in\u00a0DA<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0DAI<\/em>\u00a0also appears in parentheses.<\/p>\n

Canadian Review of Comparative Literature<\/em>, 2 (1975), 201\u201327.<\/p>\n

Who\u2019s Who in America<\/em>. 37th ed. (1972\u201373).<\/p>\n

DNB<\/em>\u00a0(1909).<\/p>\n

DAI<\/em>, 32 (1972), 3995A (Univ. of Southern California).<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 Volume numbers and page numbers.<\/strong>\u00a0If all the volumes of a multivolume work have been used, indicate that fact\u00a0before<\/em>\u00a0the publication information: 3 vols. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1968. If all the volumes have not been used, indicate the ones that have been used\u00a0after<\/em>\u00a0the publication information: New York: New York Univ. Press, 1968. Vols. II and III. However, if the volumes were published in different years, the volume number(s) should precede the publication information: Vol. I. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1968. (For sample bibliographical entries for all three cases, see \u00a742f.) Page numbers are seldom cited in the bibliography for books, but they are indicated for shorter pieces (articles, poems, short stories, essays) that appear within longer works (periodicals, anthologies, collections of essays). In such cases, give the page numbers of the\u00a0entire piece<\/em>\u00a0(pp.\u00a01\u201315), not just of the material directly used (p.\u00a04). Page numbers follow a comma and are presented as part of the information that directly precedes them: New York: Macmillan, 1974, pp.\u00a01\u201310.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 Spacing and indentation.<\/strong>\u00a0\u2026 [T]he first line of the bibliographical entry extends to the left margin and its second and subsequent lines are indented [0.35 inches].<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 Punctuation.<\/strong>\u00a0In general, the bibliographical citation, unlike the note (see \u00a727), is not to be read as if it were a sentence. Hence, complete blocks of information (including titles of articles in journals and periodicals) are followed by periods, not commas.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 Two or more works by the same author(s)<\/strong>\u00a0are indicated by giving the name(s) of the author(s) in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name(s), type [four em dashes], follow with a period, skip [one space], and give the next title. The [four em dashes] stand for the full name in the preceding entry; if there is an additional author or authors, the name(s) of the additional author(s) may follow the [em dashes]. In citing two or more works by the same author(s) in the bibliography, the writer may arrange the titles either alphabetically or chronologically by date of publication.<\/p>\n

Frye, Northrop.\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays<\/em>. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1957.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014.\u00a0The Critical Path: An Essay on the Social Context of Literary Criticism<\/em>. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1971.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, et al.\u00a0Morality of Scholarship<\/em>. Ed. Max Black. Studies in Humanities. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1967.<\/p>\n

42\u00a0 \u00a0Sample Bibliographical Entries for Published Books<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 In general,<\/strong>\u00a0bibliographical entries for published books contain the same information normally contained in notes, but in the form and with the exceptions described in \u00a741. For note citations that parallel the sample bibliographical entries in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of \u00a732.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 A book with a single author.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732b.)<\/p>\n

Booth, Wayne C.\u00a0The Rhetoric of Fiction<\/em>. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961.<\/p>\n

Frye, Northrop.\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays<\/em>. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1957.<\/p>\n

Gelfand, Michael.\u00a0African Background: The Traditional Culture of the Shona-Speaking People<\/em>. Cape Town: Juta, 1965.<\/p>\n

Meyer, Heinrich.\u00a0Goethe: Das Leben im Werk<\/em>. Stuttgart: G\u00fcnter, 1967.<\/p>\n

Sarin, Dharma P.\u00a0The Influence of Political Movements on Hindi Literature, 1906\u20131947<\/em>. Chandigarh: Punjab Univ. Publications Bureau, 1968.<\/p>\n

Note that the works cited in the sample notes in \u00a732b have been alphabetized here as they normally would be for the bibliography. All subsequent examples of bibliographical entries follow the same practice.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 A book with two or more authors.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732c.)<\/p>\n

Burn, Barbara B., et al.\u00a0Higher Education in Nine Countries: A Comparative Study of Colleges and Universities Abroad<\/em>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.<\/p>\n

Cargill, Oscar, William Charvat, and Donald D. Walsh.\u00a0The Publication of Academic Writing<\/em>. New York: MLA, 1966.<\/p>\n

Wellek, Ren\u00e9, and Austin Warren.\u00a0Theory of Literature<\/em>. 3rd ed. New York: Harcourt, 1962.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 A book with a corporate author.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732d.)<\/p>\n

Higher Education for American Democracy<\/em>. By the President\u2019s Commission on Higher Education. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947.<\/p>\n

or<\/p>\n

President\u2019s Commission on Higher Education.\u00a0Higher Education for American Democracy<\/em>. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947.<\/p>\n

Report of the Commission on the Humanities<\/em>. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1964.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 An anonymous book.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732e.)<\/p>\n

Literary Market Place: The Directory of American Book Publishing<\/em>. 1976\u201377 ed. New York: Bowker, 1976.<\/p>\n

The World of Learning, 1975\u201376<\/em>. 26th ed. 2 vols. London: Europa, 1975.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 A work in several volumes or parts.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732f.)<\/p>\n

Churchill, Winston S.\u00a0The Age of Revolution<\/em>. Vol. III of\u00a0A History of the English-Speaking Peoples<\/em>. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1957.<\/p>\n

Daiches, David.\u00a0A Critical History of English Literature<\/em>. 2nd ed. New York: Ronald, 1970, Vol. II.<\/p>\n

Parker, William R.\u00a0Milton: A Biography<\/em>. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.<\/p>\n

Wellek, Ren\u00e9.\u00a0A History of Modern Criticism, 1750\u20131950<\/em>. Vol. III. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1965.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 A work in a collection of pieces all by the same author.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732g.)<\/p>\n

Adam, Antoine. \u201cDescartes.\u201d In\u00a0L\u2019Epoque d\u2019Henri IV et de Louis XIII<\/em>. Vol. I of\u00a0Histoire de la litt\u00e9rature fran\u00e7aise au XVIIe<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle<\/em>. Paris: Domat, 1948, pp.\u00a0319\u201329.<\/p>\n

Malone, Kemp. \u201cEtymologies for\u00a0Hamlet<\/em>.\u201d In his\u00a0Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech<\/em>. Ed. S. Einarsson and N. E. Eliason. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1959, pp.\u00a0204\u201325.<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 A work in a collection of pieces by different authors.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732h.)<\/p>\n

Hamilton, Marie Padgett. \u201cThe Meaning of the Middle English\u00a0Pearl<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0PMLA<\/em>, 70 (1955), 805\u201324. Rpt. in\u00a0Middle English Survey: Critical Essays<\/em>. Ed. Edward Vasta. Notre Dame, Ind.: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965, pp.\u00a0117\u201345.<\/p>\n

Lewis, C. S. \u201cThe Anthropological Approach.\u201d In\u00a0English and Medieval Studies Presented to J. R. R. Tolkien on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday<\/em>. Ed. Norman Davis and C. L. Wrenn. London: Allen and Unwin, 1962., pp.\u00a0219\u201323. Rpt. \u201cView Points: C. S. Lewis.\u201d In\u00a0Twentieth Century Interpretations of\u00a0<\/em>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Ed. Denton Fox. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968, pp.\u00a0100\u201301.<\/p>\n

O\u2019Connor, Flannery. \u201cEverything That Rises Must Converge.\u201d In\u00a0Mirrors: An Introduction to Literature<\/em>. Ed. John R. Knott, Jr., and Christopher R. Reaske. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Canfield, 1975, pp.\u00a058\u201367.<\/p>\n

Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de.\u00a0Abel Sanchez<\/em>. Trans. Anthony Kerrigan. In\u00a0Eleven Modern Short Novels<\/em>. Ed. Leo Hamalian and Edmond L. Volpe. 2nd ed. New York: Putnam, 1970, pp.\u00a0253\u2013344.<\/p>\n

Wright, Richard. \u201cBright and Morning Star.\u201d In\u00a0Short Stories: A Critical Anthology<\/em>. Ed. Ensaf Thune and Ruth Prigozy. New York: Macmillan, 1973, pp.\u00a0368\u201394.<\/p>\n

If several works in the same collection have been cited in notes, the collection may be cited as a whole in the bibliography.<\/p>\n

Thune, Ensaf, and Ruth Prigozy, eds.\u00a0Short Stories: A Critical Anthology<\/em>. New York: Macmillan, 1973.<\/p>\n

Vasta, Edward, ed.\u00a0Middle English Survey: Critical Essays<\/em>. Notre Dame, Ind.: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965.<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 Articles in reference works.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732i.)<\/p>\n

Chiappini, Luciano. \u201cEste, House of.\u201d\u00a0Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia<\/em>. 1974 ed.<\/p>\n

French, John C. \u201cNorris, Benjamin Franklin.\u201d\u00a0DAB<\/em>\u00a0(1934).<\/p>\n

\u201cMandarin.\u201d\u00a0Encyclopedia Americana<\/em>. 1976 ed.<\/p>\n

\u201cMead, Margaret.\u201d\u00a0Who\u2019s Who of American Women<\/em>. 8th ed. (1974\u201375).<\/p>\n

Monkhouse, William Cosmo. \u201cReynolds, Sir Joshua.\u201d\u00a0DNB<\/em>\u00a0(1896).<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 A work in a series.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732j.)<\/p>\n

Fisher, John H. \u201cThe Progress of Research in Medieval English Literature in the United States of America.\u201d\u00a0English Studies Today<\/em>. 4th ser. Ed. Ilva Cellini and Giorgio Melchiori. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1966, pp.\u00a033\u201343.<\/p>\n

Hoefert, Sigfrid.\u00a0Das Drama des Naturalismus<\/em>. Sammlung Metzler, 75. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1968.<\/p>\n

Wallerstein, Ruth C.\u00a0Richard Crashaw: A Study in Style and Poetic Development<\/em>. Univ. of Wisconsin Studies in Lang. and Lit., No.\u00a037. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1935.<\/p>\n

k.\u00a0 A modern reprint of an older edition.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732k.)<\/p>\n

Bray, Ren\u00e9.\u00a0La Formation de la doctrine classique en France<\/em>. 1927; rpt. Paris: Nizet, 1966.<\/p>\n

Lowes, John Livingston.\u00a0The Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination<\/em>. 2nd ed. 1930; rpt. New York: Vintage-Knopf, 1959.<\/p>\n

Willey, Basil.\u00a0The Eighteenth Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period<\/em>. London, 1940; rpt. Boston: Beacon, 1961.<\/p>\n

l.\u00a0 An edition.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732l.)<\/p>\n

Cook, Don L., gen. Ed.\u00a0A Selected Edition of W. D. Howells<\/em>. Vol.\u00a0XVI:\u00a0A Hazard of New Fortunes<\/em>. Ed. David J. Nordloh et al. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1976.<\/p>\n

Hinman, Charlton, ed.\u00a0The First Folio of Shakespeare: The Norton Facsimile<\/em>. New York: Norton, 1968.<\/p>\n

Smith, Henry Nash, introd.\u00a0The Prairie: A Tale<\/em>. By James Fenimore Cooper. New York: Holt, 1950.<\/p>\n

or<\/p>\n

Cooper, James Fenimore.\u00a0The Prairie: A Tale<\/em>. Introd. Henry Nash Smith. New York: Holt, 1950.<\/p>\n

m.\u00a0 A translation.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732m.)<\/p>\n

Coulson, Jessie, trans.\u00a0Crime and Punishment<\/em>. By Feodor Dostoevsky. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.<\/p>\n

or<\/p>\n

Dostoevsky, Feodor.\u00a0Crime and Punishment<\/em>. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.<\/p>\n

Sastre, Alfonso.\u00a0Sad Are the Eyes of William Tell<\/em>. Trans. Leonard C. Pronko. In\u00a0The New Wave Spanish Drama<\/em>. Ed. George E. Wellwarth. New York: New York Univ. Press, 1970, pp.\u00a0265\u2013321.<\/p>\n

Schoolfield, George C., trans.\u00a0The German Lyric of the Baroque in English Translation<\/em>. Univ. of North Carolina Studies in Germanic Langs. and Lits., 29. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1961.<\/p>\n

n.\u00a0 An unpublished dissertation.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732n.)<\/p>\n

Gans, Eric L. \u201cThe Discovery of Illusion: Flaubert\u2019s Early Works, 1835\u20131837.\u201d Diss. Johns Hopkins 1967.<\/p>\n

o.\u00a0 A published dissertation.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732o.)<\/p>\n

Nykrog, Per.\u00a0Les Fabliaux: Etude d\u2019histoire litt\u00e9raire et de stylistique m\u00e9di\u00e9vale<\/em>. Diss. Aarhus 1956. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1957.<\/p>\n

Wendriner, Karl Georg.\u00a0Der Einfluss von Goethes\u00a0<\/em>Wilhelm Meister\u00a0auf das Drama der Romantiker<\/em>. Diss. Bonn 1907. Leipzig: privately printed, 1907.<\/p>\n

p.\u00a0 The published proceedings of a conference.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732p.)<\/p>\n

Humanistic Scholarship in America<\/em>. Proc. of a Conference on the Princeton Studies in the Humanities. 5\u20136 Nov. 1965. Princeton: Princeton Univ., 1966.<\/p>\n

q.\u00a0 A pamphlet.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732q.)<\/p>\n

Modern Language Association of America.\u00a0A Guide for Job Candidates and Department Chairmen in English and Foreign Languages<\/em>. Rev. ed. New York: MLA, 1975.<\/p>\n

r.\u00a0 Government publications.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732r.)<\/p>\n

Cong. Rec.<\/em>\u00a07 Feb. 1973, pp.\u00a03831\u201351.<\/p>\n

Great Britain. Ministry of Defence.\u00a0Author and Subject Catalogues of the Naval Library, Ministry of Defence<\/em>. London: HMSO, 1967.<\/p>\n

New York City. Knapp Commission.\u00a0The Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption<\/em>. New York: Braziller, [1973?].<\/p>\n

New York State. Committee on State Prisons.\u00a0Investigation of the New York State Prisons<\/em>. 1883; rpt. New York: Arno, 1974.<\/p>\n

United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa.\u00a0Industrial Growth in Africa<\/em>. New York: United Nations, 1963.<\/p>\n

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.\u00a0Productivity<\/em>. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958.<\/p>\n

U.S. Cong. Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack.\u00a0Hearings<\/em>. 79th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess. 32 vols. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946.<\/p>\n

U.S. Cong. Senate. Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce.\u00a0Report on Crime Investigation<\/em>. 82nd Cong., 1st sess. S. Rept. 141. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1951.<\/p>\n

Washburne, E. B.\u00a0Memphis Riots and Massacres<\/em>. U.S. 39th Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rept. 101. 1866; rpt. New York: Arno, 1969.<\/p>\n

or<\/p>\n

U.S. Cong. House.\u00a0Memphis Riots and Massacres<\/em>. By E. B. Washburne. 39th Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rept. 101. 1866; rpt. New York: Arno, 1969.<\/p>\n

s.\u00a0 Legal references.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732s.)<\/p>\n

Stevens v. National Broadcasting Co. 148 U.S.P.Q 755. Cal. Super. Ct. 1966.<\/p>\n

15 U.S. Code. Sec.\u00a078j(b) (1964).<\/p>\n

U.S. Const. Art.\u00a0I, sec.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

t.\u00a0 A book without place of publication, publisher, date or publication, or pagination.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732t.)<\/p>\n

Photographic View Album of Cambridge<\/em>. [England]: n.p., n.d.<\/p>\n

u.\u00a0 A book with multiple publishers.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732u.)<\/p>\n

Starr, Wilmarth H., Mary P. Thompson, and Donald D. Walsh, eds.\u00a0Modern Foreign Languages and the Academically Talented Student<\/em>. Washington, D.C.: National Education Association; New York: MLA, 1960.<\/p>\n

v.\u00a0 A book without page numbers but with signatures.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a732v.)<\/p>\n

Pikeryng, John.\u00a0A Newe Enterlude of Vice Conteyninge the Historye of Horestes<\/em>. London, 1567.<\/p>\n

43\u00a0 \u00a0Sample Bibliographical Entries for Articles in Periodicals<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 In general,<\/strong>\u00a0Bibliographical entries for articles in periodicals should contain the information normally contained in notes but in the form and with the exceptions described in \u00a741. For notes that parallel the sample bibliographical entries in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of \u00a734.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734b.)<\/p>\n

Ramsey, Jarold W. \u201cThe Wife Who Goes Out like a Man, Comes Back as a Hero: The Art of Two Oregon Indian Narratives.\u201d\u00a0PMLA<\/em>, 92 (1977), 9\u201318.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 An article from a journal that pages each issue separately or that numbers only issues.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734c.)<\/p>\n

Frey, John R. \u201cAmerica and Her Literature Reviewed by Postwar Germany.\u201d\u00a0American-German Review<\/em>, 20, No.\u00a05 (1954), 4\u20136.<\/p>\n

Marc\u2019hadour, Germain. \u201cHugh Latimer and Thomas More.\u201d\u00a0Moreana<\/em>, No.\u00a018 (1968), pp.\u00a029\u201349.<\/p>\n

Stephens, Donald, and George Woodcock. \u201cThe Literary History of Canada<\/em>: Editorial Views.\u201d\u00a0Canadian Literature<\/em>. No.\u00a024 (1965), pp.\u00a010\u201322.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 An article from a journal with more than one series.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734d.)<\/p>\n

Levin, Yu D. \u201cTolstoy, Shakespeare, and Russian Writers of the 1860s.\u201d\u00a0Oxford Slavonic Papers<\/em>, NS\u00a01 (1968), 85\u2013104.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 An article from a weekly magazine or weekly newspaper.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734e.)<\/p>\n

Cohen, Hennig. \u201cWhy Isn\u2019t Melville for the Masses?\u201d\u00a0Saturday Review<\/em>, 16 Aug. 1969, pp.\u00a019\u201321.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Old Art Forms Will Wither Away.\u201d\u00a0National Observer<\/em>, 22 Sept. 1969, p.\u00a01, cols.\u00a02\u20134; p.\u00a022, cols.\u00a01\u20133.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 An article from a monthly magazine.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734f.)<\/p>\n

Howe, Irving. \u201cJames Baldwin: At Ease in Apocalypse.\u201d\u00a0Harper\u2019s<\/em>. Sept. 1968, pp.\u00a092\u2013100.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 An article from a daily newspaper.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734g.)<\/p>\n

Brody, Jane E. \u201cMultiple Cancers Termed on Increase.\u201d\u00a0New York Times<\/em>. Late City Ed., 10 Oct. 1976, Sec.\u00a01, p.\u00a037, col.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 An editorial.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734h.)<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Spirit of \u201977.\u201d Editorial.\u00a0Washington Post<\/em>, 21 Jan. 1977, Sec.\u00a0A, p.\u00a022, cols.\u00a01\u20132.<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 An anonymous article.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734i.)<\/p>\n

\u201cA Return to Guido Gozzano: An Italian Poet Rediscovered.\u201d\u00a0Italy: Documents and Notes<\/em>, 17, No.\u00a01 (1968), 55\u201360.<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 A letter to the editor.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734j.)<\/p>\n

Moore, Harry T. Letter.\u00a0Sewanee Review<\/em>, 71 (1963), 347\u201348.<\/p>\n

k.\u00a0 Reviews, signed and unsigned.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734k.)<\/p>\n

Rev. of\u00a0Anthology of Danish Literature<\/em>, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen and P. M. Mitchell.\u00a0Times Literary Supplement<\/em>, 7 July 1972, p.\u00a0785.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Cooling of an Admiration.\u201d Rev. of\u00a0Pound\/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce<\/em>, ed. Forrest Read.\u00a0Times Literary Supplement<\/em>, 6 March 1969, pp.\u00a0239\u201340.<\/p>\n

Maddocks, Melvin. \u201cSermonets and Stoicism.\u201d Rev. of\u00a0Not So Wild a Dream<\/em>, by Eric Sevareid.\u00a0Time<\/em>, 30 Aug. 1976, p.\u00a069.<\/p>\n

Merivale, Patricia. Rev. of\u00a0George Eliot and Flaubert: Pioneers of the Modern Novel<\/em>, by Barbara Smalley.\u00a0Comparative Literature Studies<\/em>, 13 (1976), 76\u201377.<\/p>\n

l.\u00a0 An article whose title contains a quotation or a title within quotation marks.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734l.)<\/p>\n

Carrier, Warren. \u201cCommonplace Costumes and Essential Gaudiness: Wallace Stevens\u2019 \u2018The Emperor of Ice-Cream.\u2019\u201d\u00a0College Literature<\/em>, 1 (1974), 230\u201335.<\/p>\n

m.\u00a0 An article from\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em>.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a734m.)<\/p>\n

Gans, Eric L. \u201cThe Discovery of Illusion: Flaubert\u2019s Early Works, 1835\u20111837.\u201d\u00a0DA<\/em>, 27 (1967), 3046A (Johns Hopkins).<\/p>\n

44\u00a0 \u00a0Sample Bibliographical Entries for Other Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

For notes that parallel the sample bibliographical entries in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of \u00a735.<\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Manuscripts and typescripts.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735a.)<\/p>\n

Twain, Mark. Notebook 32, TS. Mark Twain Papers. Univ. of California, Berkeley.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Lectures.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735b.)<\/p>\n

Doran, Madeleine. \u201cThe Style and the Story: Shakespeare\u2019s Appropriate and Varying Artistry.\u201d English Section I, MLA Convention, San Francisco. 27 Dec. 1975.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 Films.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735c.)<\/p>\n

Bertolucci, Bernardo, dir.\u00a0Last Tango in Paris<\/em>. With Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider. United Artists, 1972.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 Theatrical performances.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735d.)<\/p>\n

Balanchine, George, chor.\u00a0Harlequinade<\/em>. New York City Ballet. New York State Theater, New York. 8 July 1968.<\/p>\n

Caldwell, Sarah, dir. and cond.\u00a0La Traviata<\/em>. With Beverly Sills. Opera Company of Boston. Orpheum Theatre, Boston. 4 Nov. 1972.<\/p>\n

Gielgud, John, dir.\u00a0Hamlet<\/em>. By Shakespeare. With Richard Burton. Shubert Theatre, Boston. 4 March 1964.<\/p>\n

Kander, John, and Fred Ebb.\u00a0Chicago<\/em>. Dir. Bob Fosse. With Gwen Verdon, Chita Rivera, and Jerry Orbach. Forty-Sixth Street Theatre. New York. 20 Oct. 1975.<\/p>\n

Shaw, Robert, cond. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Concert. Atlanta Arts Center, Atlanta. 14 May 1974.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 Musical compositions.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735e.)<\/p>\n

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony No.\u00a07 in A, op.\u00a092.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 Works of art.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735f.)<\/p>\n

Houdon, Jean-Antoine.\u00a0Statue of Voltaire<\/em>. Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, Paris. Illus. 51 in\u00a0Literature through Art: A New Approach to French Literature<\/em>. By Helmut A. Hatzfeld. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1952.<\/p>\n

Rembrandt van Rijn.\u00a0Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer<\/em>. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 Radio or television programs.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735g.)<\/p>\n

The Black Cat<\/em>. Dir. Hi Brown. CBS Mystery Theater. 4 Nov. 1973.<\/p>\n

The First Americans<\/em>. Narr. Hugh Downs. Writ. and prod. Craig Fisher. NBC News Special. 21 March 1968.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Joy Ride.\u201d Writ. Alfred Shaughnessy.\u00a0Upstairs, Downstairs<\/em>. Created by Eileen Atkins and Jean Marsh. Dir. Bill Bain. Prod. John Hawkesworth. Masterpiece Theatre. Introd. Alistair Cooke. PBS, 6 Feb. 1977.<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 Recordings.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735h.)<\/p>\n

Colette. Libretto.\u00a0L\u2019Enfant et les sortil\u00e8ges<\/em>. By Maurice Ravel. With Suzanne Danco and Hugues Cuenod. Cond. Ernest Ansermet, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Richmond-London, SR\u00a033086, n.d.<\/p>\n

Frost, Robert,\u00a0Robert Frost Reads His Poetry<\/em>. Caedmon, XC\u00a0783, 1952.<\/p>\n

Holiday, Billie.\u00a0Essential Billie Holiday<\/em>. Verve, 68410, 1961.<\/p>\n

Lewiston, David. Jacket Notes.\u00a0The Balinese Gamelan: Music from the Morning of the World<\/em>. Nonesuch Explorer Series, H-2015, n.d.<\/p>\n

Mozart, Wolfgang A. Divertimento in D (K.\u00a0334) and Notturno (Serenade) in D (K.\u00a0286). Cond. Neville Mariner, Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields Orchestra. Argo, ZRG\u00a0705, 1973.<\/p>\n

Murrow, Edward R.\u00a0Year of Decision: 1943<\/em>. Columbia, CPS-3872, 1957.<\/p>\n

Verdi, Giuseppe.\u00a0Rigoletto<\/em>. With Joan Sutherland, Luciano Pavarotti, Sherrill Milnes, and Martti Talvela. Cond. Richard Bonynge, London Symphony Orchestra and Ambrosian Opera Chorus. London Records, OSA-12105, 1973.<\/p>\n

Weaver, William. \u201cThe Making of\u00a0Turandot<\/em>.\u201d In Libretto.\u00a0Turandot<\/em>. By Giacomo Puccini. With Birgit Nilsson and Franco Corelli. Cond. Francesco Molinari-Pradelli, Rome Opera House Orchestra and Chorus. Angel, CL-3671, 1966.<\/p>\n

Wilgus, D. K. Southern Folk Tales. Recorded 23\u201325 March 1965. Univ. of California, Los Angeles Archives of Folklore, B.76.82 (7\u00bd\u00a0ips, 7″ reel).<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 Personal letters.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735i.)<\/p>\n

Benton, Thomas Hart. Letter to Charles Fremont. 22 June 1847. John Charles Fremont Papers. Southwest Museum Library, Los Angeles, Calif.<\/p>\n

Ray, Gordon N., ed.\u00a0Letters and Private Papers of William Makepeace Thackeray<\/em>. 4 vols. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1946.<\/p>\n

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. Letter to author. 17 May 1976.<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 Personal and telephone interviews.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735j.)<\/p>\n

Poussaint, Alvin F. Telephone interview. 7 May 1975.<\/p>\n

Vonnegut, Kurt. Personal interview. 27 July 1976.<\/p>\n

k.\u00a0 Documents from an information service.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735k.)<\/p>\n

Spolsky, Bernard.\u00a0Navajo Language Maintenance: Six-Year-Olds in 1969<\/em>. Navajo Reading Study Prog. Report No.\u00a05. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico, 1969. ERIC ED 043\u00a0004.<\/p>\n

Streiff, Paul R.\u00a0Some Criteria for Designing Evaluation of TESOL Programs<\/em>. ERIC ED 040\u00a0385.<\/p>\n

l.\u00a0 Indirect sources.<\/strong>\u00a0(Cf. \u00a735l.)<\/p>\n

Boswell, James.\u00a0The Life of Johnson<\/em>. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill and L. F. Powell. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1934\u201350.<\/p>\n

Weinberg, Bernard.\u00a0A History of Literary Criticism in the Italian Renaissance<\/em>. 2 vols. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961.<\/p>\n

Footnote<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a01<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0These instructions apply to the bibliography of a research paper, which is different from an elaborate and technical bibliographical description \u2026.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.\u00a097\u2013121. 40\u00a0 \u00a0Content, Placement, and Arrangement of the Bibliography\u00a01 a.\u00a0 Content.\u00a0The bibliography of a research paper usually lists all the works referred to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":138,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"\nBibliography - Keir Armstrong<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed. 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