{"id":253,"date":"2018-01-10T08:14:06","date_gmt":"2018-01-10T13:14:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/keirarmstrong\/?page_id=253"},"modified":"2018-01-28T19:19:01","modified_gmt":"2018-01-29T00:19:01","slug":"documentation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/keirarmstrong\/learning-resources\/essay-guidelines\/documentation\/","title":{"rendered":"Documentation"},"content":{"rendered":"

The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations<\/em>, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.\u00a049\u201395.<\/strong><\/p>\n

27\u00a0 \u00a0General Remarks<\/strong><\/p>\n

Although sources of quotations and authorities for statements of fact or opinion must be cited in a scholarly study, such citations should be kept as concise as clarity and accuracy permit. Notes may include information or commentary to support the text, but never to rival or overshadow it. References are usually placed in \u2026 footnotes, at the bottom of the page (see \u00a730), but brief references may be placed in parentheses, within the text itself (see \u00a7\u00a7 37b and 39). The test should be whether or not the reference interferes with ease in reading. Remember that a note number, which teases the reader to look \u2026 at the bottom of the page,1<\/sup>\u00a0may be more disruptive than a simple reference in the text, such as (II, 241), (III.ii.21), or (p.\u00a072). To avoid large numbers of very short notes, consolidate references as often as possible without sacrificing clarity (see \u00a736). Except when presenting incomplete quotations introduced by [an ellipsis], begin notes with capitals and end with periods. Notes are intended to be read like sentences, without internal full stops\u2014hence the enclosure of place of publication, publisher, and date of publication within parentheses, whereas in bibliographies these items are set off by periods.<\/p>\n

28\u00a0 \u00a0Note Logic<\/strong><\/p>\n

The conventions of documentation are a means to an end: to lend authority and credibility to your work and to enable the reader to locate sources with ease. Provide a note only where there is reason. It is rarely necessary, for example, to give references for proverbs (\u201cYou can\u2019t judge a book by its cover\u201d), familiar quotations (\u201cWe shall overcome\u201d), or common knowledge (\u201cWashington was the first President of the United States\u201d); to give line references for short poems (e.g., sonnets); to spell out the full names of familiar authors (Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes); or to give page references to works arranged alphabetically (e.g., dictionaries). To include such information in citations is to forget the reader and think only of the machinery of scholarship. Information given in the text need not be repeated in a note (see \u00a732b). Successive quotations in one paragraph may usually be documented in a single note, and \u201ccovering notes\u201d may be used to acknowledge general sources, thereby avoiding a series of citations: Howarth, p.\u00a0xii. I follow throughout Howarth\u2019s account of the sources.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, do not give too little information. In references to prose classics of which many editions are available, it is helpful to provide more information than just the page number of the edition used\u2014for example, p.\u00a0271 (Bk.\u00a0IV, Ch.\u00a0ii)\u00a0or<\/em>\u00a0Bk.\u00a0IV, Ch.\u00a0ii (p.\u00a0271). In citing sources that do no state complete information (author, title, or full publication information), supply within square brackets what information you know or can ascertain (see sample notes 58 and 64 in \u00a7\u00a7 32r and 32t).<\/p>\n

29\u00a0 \u00a0Note Numbers<\/strong><\/p>\n

Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, throughout a research paper \u2026. Do not number notes by individual pages or use asterisks or other symbols. Use Arabic numbers without periods, parentheses, or slashes. Note numbers are [superscripts]. They should be placed\u00a0after<\/em>\u00a0all punctuation (including parentheses) except a dash. Avoid interrupting the flow of though of a sentence with note numbers. Place the note number at the end of an appropriate syntactical unit that is as near as possible to the material quoted or referred to. The note number should always come after, but not necessarily immediately after, a paraphrase or direct quotation.<\/p>\n

In his\u00a0Autobiography<\/em>, Benjamin Franklin states that he prepared a list of \u201ctwelve virtues,\u201d and later added a thirteenth.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

is preferable to<\/em><\/p>\n

In his\u00a0Autobiography<\/em>,1<\/sup>\u00a0Benjamin Franklin states \u2026.<\/p>\n

Wilson, Chambers, and Lewis support this view.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

is preferable to<\/em><\/p>\n

Wilson,1<\/sup>\u00a0Chambers,2<\/sup>\u00a0and Lewis3<\/sup>\u00a0support this view.<\/p>\n

Never place the note number immediately after the author\u2019s name, the introductory verb, or the colon preceding a paraphrase or quotation.<\/p>\n

Wrong:<\/em><\/p>\n

Ernst Rose1<\/sup>\u00a0writes, \u201cThe highly spiritual view of the world presented in\u00a0Siddhartha<\/em>\u00a0exercised its appeal on West and East alike.\u201d<\/p>\n

Wrong:<\/em><\/p>\n

Ernst Rose writes,1<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cThe highly spiritual view of the world presented in\u00a0Siddhartha<\/em>\u00a0exercised its appeal on West and East alike.\u201d<\/p>\n

Right:<\/em><\/p>\n

Ernst Rose writes, \u201cThe highly spiritual view of the world presented in\u00a0Siddhartha<\/em>\u00a0exercised its appeal on West and East alike.\u201d\u00a01<\/sup><\/p>\n

Note<\/em>\u00a0(\u2026):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a01<\/sup>\u00a0Faith from the Abyss: Hermann Hesse\u2019s Way from Romanticism to Modernity<\/em>\u00a0(New York: New York Univ. Press, 1965), p.\u00a074.<\/p>\n

Verify both note numbers and the references themselves before submitting a paper.<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

31\u00a0 \u00a0First Note References for Published Books: Standard Form<\/strong><\/p>\n

For examples of the various recommendations set forth in this section, see \u00a732. (On abridging notes because of material given in the text, see \u00a732b.) In notes, the following order should be used (see \u00a741 for the form of a listing in a bibliography)<\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Name(s) of author(s)<\/strong>\u00a0in normal order (first name first, etc.), followed by a comma. Give the names in their fullest or at least in their most usual, form: this practice may save the reader many minutes of search in a library catalog (\u201c杏吧原创 Brown\u201d is more helpful than merely \u201cC. Brown\u201d). Common sense will have to guide the author in applying this recommendation; \u201cThomas Stearns Eliot\u201d or \u201cHerbert M. McLuhan\u201d instead of the more familiar \u201cT. S. Eliot\u201d and \u201cH. Marshall McLuhan\u201d might confuse the reader. Square brackets may be used to indicate parts of a name not found in the work cited\u2014for example, C[live] S[taples] Lewis. Occasionally, it is more appropriate to cite the name of an editor or translator first (see \u00a731d). On citing anonymous works, see \u00a732e.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Title of the chapter of part of the book cited,<\/strong>\u00a0enclosed in quotation marks (not [italicized]), followed by a comma inside the final quotation marks. This detail is necessary only in reference to pieces within anthologies and collections of works. Words referring to untitled parts of a book\u2014Introduction, Preface\u2014are capitalized but are not put in quotation marks or [italicized] (see sample note 39 in \u00a732l). When citing from an anthology a work originally published separately (such as a novel), [italicize] the title of such a work (see sample note 23 in \u00a732h).<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 Title of the work,<\/strong>\u00a0[italicized], followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed within parentheses or unless the title has its own punctuation (e.g., a question mark). Unusually long titles may be abbreviated; but the first few words should always be cited verbatim, and any later omissions\u00a0within<\/em>\u00a0the portion cited should be indicated by [an ellipsis] (\u2026). (On ellipsis within quotations, see \u00a714d.) Always take the title from the title page, not from the cover or the title printed at the top of each page; disregard any unusual typographical characteristics, such as all capital letter or uncommon use of lowercase letters, unless you know them to reflect the author\u2019s wishes (CONCEPTS OF CRITICISM should be capitalized as\u00a0Concepts of Criticism<\/em>; Turner\u2019s early sketchbooks as\u00a0Turner\u2019s Early Sketchbooks<\/em>; e. e. cummings\u2019 i: six nonlectures may be left in lowercase). If there is a subtitle, [italicize] it and separate it from the title by a colon, which is also [italicized]. The word \u201cin\u201d (not [italicized]) may precede the title of the work if a chapter or a part of the book is being cited.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 Name(s) of editor(s), translator(s), and compiler(s)<\/strong>\u00a0in normal order, preceded by \u201ced.,\u201d \u201ctrans.,\u201d or \u201ccomp.\u201d (without parentheses) and followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses. If the actual editing, translating, or compiling itself, rather than the text, is under discussion, give the name(s) of the editor(s), translator(s), or compiler(s) first in your reference (followed by a comma, followed by \u201ced.,\u201d \u201ctrans.,\u201d or \u201ccomp.\u201d and another comma) and the author\u2019s name after the title, preceded by a comma and the word \u201cby\u201d (see sample notes 38 and 42 in \u00a7\u00a7 32l and 32m).<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 Edition used,<\/strong>\u00a0whenever it is not the first, designated by an Arabic numeral (e.g., 4th ed.), followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses. Unless you are concerned with an author\u2019s changes of opinion or with differences in text, use the latest revised edition or inform the reader of your inability to do so. In a period of competitive reprinting, it is especially important to distinguish the\u00a0original date<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0edition<\/em>\u00a0from the\u00a0reprint<\/em>\u00a0you may happen to be using. (On citing reprints, see \u00a732k.) For example, all the following information would be necessary to avoid confusion: Emile M\u00e2le,\u00a0The Gothic Image: Religious Art of the Thirteenth Century<\/em>, trans. Dora Nussey from 3rd French Ed. (1913; rpt. New York: Harper, 1973), p.\u00a090. Without the inclusion of \u201c1913\u201d and \u201crpt.,\u201d this reference to a useful paperback version of M\u00e2le\u2019s classic study would make\u00a0The Gothic Image<\/em>\u00a0appear to be a recent work.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 The series<\/strong>\u00a0(e.g., Univ. of California Publication in Modern Philology), not [italicized] and not in quotation marks, followed by a comma, followed by an Arabic numeral designating the number of this work in the series (e.g., Vol.\u00a07, No.\u00a07, or simply 7 as given on the title page or half-title page), followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses (see sample notes 31\u201333 in \u00a732j).<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 The number of volumes<\/strong>\u00a0with this particular title, if more than one (e.g., 3 vols.) and if the information is pertinent. It is usually not pertinent when the reference is to a specific passage rather than to the work as a whole (see \u00a732f).<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 Place of publication, publisher, and date of publication,<\/strong>\u00a0all within parentheses. A colon follows the place, a comma follows the publisher, and the closing parenthesis follows the date: (Cleveland: Western Reserve Univ. Press, 1967).<\/p>\n

The place of publication should be taken from the title page or copyright page (i.e., the reverse of the title page). If several cities are listed for the publisher, list only one, preferably the one in which the book originated or, if that is not known, a major city. Specify enough detail to avoid ambiguity (York, Pa.; Portland, Me.; Portland, Ore.); if the city is not well known, include the state or country as well (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.). If no place of publication is given, indicate by writing \u201cn.p.\u201d for \u201cno place\u201d (see \u00a732t).<\/p>\n

An appropriately shortened form of the name of the publisher may be used. Blaisdell Publishing Co., George Braziller Inc., and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich may be safely identified in notes and bibliography as Blaisdell, Braziller, and Harcourt, respectively. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., and Librairie Larousse may be recognized as Heffer and Larousse, respectively. A university press must always be so designated, since the university may publish independently of its press (see sample notes 1 and 48 in \u00a7\u00a7 32b and 32p). In citing a work published under a publisher\u2019s special imprint, add the publisher\u2019s name after a hyphen (e.g., Anchor-Doubleday). The name of the publisher may be omitted for works published prior to 1900. If no publisher is listed, indicate by writing \u201cn.p.\u201d (\u201cno publisher\u201d). Although this is also the abbreviation for \u201cno place,\u201d confusion is avoided by noting on which side of the colon the \u201cn.p.\u201d appears (see \u00a732t). If a work is privately printed, so indicate by writing \u201cprivately printed\u201d (see sample note 47 in \u00a732o).<\/p>\n

The date of publication appears on the title page or the copyright page. If the copyright page indicates that the work has gone through several impressions or printings by the same publisher\u2014printings undifferentiated in any way (including page numbers) from the first edition\u2014use the original publication date (see sample note 3 in \u00a732b). In citing a new or revised edition, give the date of that edition (not the original edition); in citing a reprint by a different publisher, give the dates of both the original edition and the reprint (see sample notes in \u00a732k). If no date of publication is recorded on the title page, copyright page, or (particularly for books published outside [North America]) in the colophon at the back of the book, use the latest date of copyright, if given; otherwise, write \u201cn.d.\u201d (see \u00a732t) or supply in square brackets an approximate date (a question mark may be added).<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 Volume number,<\/strong>\u00a0if one of two or more, in capital Roman numerals, preceded and followed by a comma. If it is necessary to give the date of a single volume of a multivolume work published over a number of years, indicate the volume number\u00a0before<\/em>\u00a0the publication information (see sample note 17 in \u00a732f). Use the volume number alone (without \u201cVol.\u201d) if page numbers follow (III, 248\u201351).<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 Page number(s)<\/strong>\u00a0in Arabic numerals (unless the original has Roman numerals), preceded by a comma, followed by a period unless an additional reference is required (p.\u00a047, n.\u00a03.\u00a0or<\/em>\u00a0p.\u00a047, col.\u00a02.). If the source of a quotation is being given, probably only a page or two will be indicated; but, if the reader is being directed to a discussion of some question, numerous pages may be cited. See \u00a711d for inclusive page numbers.<\/p>\n

Omit \u201cVol.\u201d And \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d when volume and page numbers are both given: III, 142. But \u201cVol.\u201d and \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d must be included when the volume number applies to the general title of the multivolume work and not to the title of the individual volume being cited (see sample notes 18 and 19 in \u00a7\u00a7 32f and 32g). If there is no pagination, indicate \u201cn. pag.\u201d (see \u00a732t). If a book lacks page numbers but has signatures, indicate \u201csig.\u201d rather than \u201cp.\u201d (see \u00a732v); if it numbers columns instead of pages, indicate \u201ccol.\u201d rather than \u201cp.\u201d (On omission of volume and page numbers for reference works, see \u00a732i.)<\/p>\n

32\u00a0 \u00a0First Note References for Published Books: Sample Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 General remarks.<\/strong>\u00a0Following are examples of the various recommendations in \u00a731. For bibliographical citations that parallel the sample notes in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of \u00a742.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 A book with a single author.<\/strong>\u00a0This is the simplest and probably the most widely used form of reference. It follows the general pattern outlined in \u00a731. \u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a01<\/sup>\u00a0Northrop Frye,\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays<\/em>\u00a0(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1957), p.\u00a052.<\/p>\n

The subtitle may be omitted in \u2026 footnotes, but it must be included in a bibliographical listing. The subtitle is separated from the title by a colon, which, like all other punctuation marks within a title, is [italicized]. (If the author\u2019s name, with or without the title, has been given in the text, the author\u2019s name may be omitted in the note. The omission of both the author and the title might prove confusing.)<\/p>\n

Text:<\/em><\/p>\n

In the\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism<\/em>, Northrop Frye expounds his influential \u201ctheory of modes.\u201d2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Note:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a02<\/sup>\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism<\/em>\u00a0(Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1957), pp.\u00a033\u201367.<\/p>\n

In the following, the choice of date could have been a problem, since the copyright page reads \u201c\u00a9\u00a01961. Published 1961. First text impression 1963. Fifth impression 1965.\u201d Although the fifth impression is the one being used, the date of publication is cited as 1961:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a03<\/sup>\u00a0Wayne C. Booth,\u00a0The Rhetoric of Fiction<\/em>\u00a0(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961), pp.\u00a073\u201374.<\/p>\n

(On citing other editions, see \u00a731e.)<\/p>\n

Following are notes to books published in other countries:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a04<\/sup>\u00a0Heinrich Meyer,\u00a0Goethe: Das Leben im Werk<\/em>\u00a0(Stuttgart: G\u00fcnther, 1967), pp.\u00a0101\u201311.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a05<\/sup>\u00a0Dharma P. Sarin,\u00a0The Influence of Political Movements on Hindi Literature, 1906\u20131947<\/em>\u00a0(Chandigarh: Punjab Univ. Publications Bureau, 1968), p.\u00a058.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a06<\/sup>\u00a0Michael Gelfand,\u00a0African Background: The Traditional Culture of the Shona-Speaking People<\/em>\u00a0(Cape Town: Juta, 1965), p.\u00a061.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 A book with two or more authors.<\/strong>\u00a0Cite all authors as they appear on the title page\u2014not necessarily in alphabetical order.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a07<\/sup>\u00a0Oscar Cargill, William Charvat, and Donald D. Walsh,\u00a0The Publication of Academic Writing<\/em>\u00a0(New York: MLA, 1966), p.\u00a08.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a08<\/sup>\u00a0Ren\u00e9 Wellek and Austin Warren,\u00a0Theory of Literature<\/em>, 3rd ed. (New York: Harcourt, 1962), p.\u00a0289.<\/p>\n

Even if the authors have the same last name, state each author\u2019s name as it appears on the title page. If there are more than three authors, one name followed by \u201cet al.\u201d \u2026, with no comma in between, may be used.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a09<\/sup>\u00a0Barbara B. Burn et al.,\u00a0Higher Education in Nine Countries: A Comparative Study of Colleges and Universities Abroad<\/em>\u00a0(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), p.\u00a0125.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 A book with a corporate author<\/strong>\u00a0may be cited in both notes and bibliography either by its corporate author or by its title followed by a comma, the word \u201cby,\u201d and the name of the corporate author. (On government publications, see \u00a732r.)<\/p>\n

10<\/sup>\u00a0President\u2019s Commission on Higher Education,\u00a0Higher Education for American Democracy<\/em>\u00a0(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947), I, 26.<\/p>\n

or<\/p>\n

11<\/sup>\u00a0Higher Education for American Democracy<\/em>, by the President\u2019s Commission on Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947), I, 26.<\/p>\n

In the following example the corporate author is clear from the title and need not be stated separately:<\/p>\n

12<\/sup>\u00a0Report of the Commission on the Humanities<\/em>\u00a0(New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1964), p.\u00a0139.<\/p>\n

To place \u201cCommission on the Humanities\u201d before the title or \u201cby the Commission on the Humanities\u201d after the title would be redundant. In this book, as in many similar publications, no publisher is indicated on the title page or elsewhere; but the names of the American Council of Learned Societies, the Council of Graduate Schools, and the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa are on the cover and sign the sponsor\u2019s Foreword. Copies, it is further indicated, may be ordered from the American Council. Therefore, for all but bibliographical essays, the citation above is adequate.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 An anonymous book.<\/strong>\u00a0If the author of a work is unknown, cite it by title in both notes and bibliography, without using either \u201cAnonymous\u201d or \u201cAnon.\u201d<\/p>\n

13<\/sup>\u00a0Literary Market Place: The Directory of American Book Publishing<\/em>, 1976\u201377 ed. (New York: Bowker, 1976), p.\u00a0129.<\/p>\n

14<\/sup>\u00a0The World of Learning 1975\u201376<\/em>, 26th ed. (London: Europa, 1975), I, 734.<\/p>\n

If you are able to determine the name(s) of the author(s) of a book published anonymously, give the name(s) within square brackets.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 A work in several volumes or parts.<\/strong>\u00a0When drawing attention to an entire multivolume work, use the following form:<\/p>\n

15<\/sup>\u00a0See William R. Parker,\u00a0Milton: A Biography<\/em>, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968).<\/p>\n

But, if citing only one volume of a multivolume work, use the following:<\/p>\n

16<\/sup>\u00a0David Daiches,\u00a0A Critical History of English Literature<\/em>, 2nd ed. (New York: Ronald, 1970), II, 776\u201377.<\/p>\n

If the volumes of a work have been published in different years, the volume number\u00a0precedes<\/em>\u00a0the publishing information. The first two volumes of the following work were published in 1955, the second two in 1965:<\/p>\n

17<\/sup>\u00a0Ren\u00e9 Wellek,\u00a0A History of Modern Criticism, 1750\u20131950<\/em>, III (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1965), 1\u201332.<\/p>\n

If the individual volumes of a multivolume work have separate titles, use the following form:<\/p>\n

18<\/sup>\u00a0Winston S. Churchill,\u00a0The Age of Revolution<\/em>, Vol. II of\u00a0A History of the English-Speaking Peoples<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1957), pp.\u00a0131\u201332.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 A work in a collection of pieces all by the same author.<\/strong>\u00a0The title of the part of the book is placed in quotation marks, followed by a comma (inside the final quotation mark), the word \u201cin,\u201d and the title of the book [italicized]. (On citing a preface or introduction or a part originally published as a book, see \u00a7\u00a7 31b and 32l.)<\/p>\n

19<\/sup>\u00a0Antoine Adam, \u201cDescartes,\u201d in\u00a0L\u2019Epoque d\u2019Henri IV et de Louis XIII<\/em>, Vol.\u00a0I of\u00a0Histoire de la litt\u00e9rature fran\u00e7aise au XVIIe<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle<\/em>\u00a0(Paris: Domat, 1948), pp.\u00a0319\u201329.<\/p>\n

20<\/sup>\u00a0Kemp Malone, \u201cEtymologies for\u00a0Hamlet<\/em>,\u201d in his\u00a0Studies in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech<\/em>, ed. S. Einarsson and N. E. Eliason (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1959), pp.\u00a0204\u201325.<\/p>\n

In sample note 20, the word \u201chis\u201d was added to assure the reader, who may have been misled by the title and the listing of editors, that the book is indeed the work of one author.<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 A work in a collection of pieces by different authors.<\/strong>\u00a0The following illustrate the standard forms for citing pieces in an anthology, casebook, or collection of essays:<\/p>\n

21<\/sup>\u00a0Richard Wright, \u201cBright and Morning Star,\u201d in\u00a0Short Stories: A Critical Anthology<\/em>, ed. Ensaf Thune and Ruth Prigozy (New York: Macmillan, 1973), pp.\u00a0387\u201388.<\/p>\n

22<\/sup>\u00a0Flannery O\u2019Connor, \u201cEverything That Rises Must Converge,\u201d in\u00a0Mirrors: An Introduction to Literature<\/em>, ed. John R. Knott, Jr., and Christopher R. Reaske, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Canfield, 1975), p.\u00a066.<\/p>\n

23<\/sup>\u00a0Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo,\u00a0Abel Sanchez<\/em>, trans. Anthony Kerrigan, in\u00a0Eleven Modern Short Novels<\/em>, ed. Leo Hamalian and Edmond L. Volpe, 2nd ed. (New York: Putnam, 1970), pp.\u00a0342\u201344.<\/p>\n

On citing translations, see \u00a732m.<\/p>\n

Collections of important essays and articles [have become] increasingly convenient in research; the conscientious writer, however, informs the reader of the original date and source of the piece collected. (The original title should also be given if, as is often true, the piece appears untitled or under a different title in the collection.)<\/p>\n

24<\/sup>\u00a0Marie Padgett Hamilton, \u201cThe Meaning of the Middle English\u00a0Pearl<\/em>,\u201d\u00a0PMLA<\/em>, 70 (1955), 805\u201324; rpt. in\u00a0Middle English Survey: Critical Essays<\/em>, ed. Edward Vasta (Notre Dame, Ind.: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965), p.\u00a0117.<\/p>\n

25<\/sup>\u00a0C. S. Lewis, \u201cThe Anthropological Approach,\u201d in\u00a0English and Medieval Studies Presented to J. R. R. Tolkien on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday<\/em>, ed. Norman Davis and C. L. Wrenn (London: Allen and Unwin, 1962), pp.\u00a0219\u201323; rpt. \u201cView Points: C. S. Lewis,\u201d in\u00a0Twentieth Century Interpretations of<\/em>\u00a0Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ed. Denton Fox (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp.\u00a0100\u201301.<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 Articles in reference works.<\/strong>\u00a0An encyclopedia article is cited as a work in a collection, but without the \u201cin\u201d preceding the title, without an editor\u2019s name, and, especially if it is a well-known encyclopedia, without publication information except for the edition (if given) and year. If the article is signed, the author is cited first; if unsigned, the title comes first. (Often articles in reference books are signed with initials that are identified in the index or in another volume.) In a work that is alphabetically arranged, volume and page number may also be omitted; volume and page number, however, must be given if the citation is to only one page of a multipage article.<\/p>\n

26<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cMandarin,\u201d\u00a0Encyclopedia Americana<\/em>, 1976 ed.<\/p>\n

27<\/sup>\u00a0Luciano Chiappini, \u201cEste, House of,\u201d\u00a0New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia<\/em>, 1974 ed.<\/p>\n

A similar form is used for annuals, yearbooks, and many other reference books.<\/p>\n

28<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cMead, Margaret,\u201d\u00a0Who\u2019s Who of American Women<\/em>, 8th ed. (1974\u201375).<\/p>\n

29<\/sup>\u00a0John C. French, \u201cNorris, Benjamin Franklin,\u201d\u00a0DAB<\/em>\u00a0(1934).<\/p>\n

30<\/sup>\u00a0William Cosmo Monkhouse, \u201cReynolds, Sir Joshua,\u201d\u00a0DNB<\/em>\u00a0(1896).<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 A work in a series.<\/strong>\u00a0These examples follow the procedure described in \u00a731f.<\/p>\n

31<\/sup>\u00a0Ruth C. Wallerstein,\u00a0Richard Crashaw: A Study in Style and Poetic Development<\/em>, Univ. of Wisconsin Studies in Lang. and Lit., No.\u00a037 (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1935), p.\u00a052.<\/p>\n

32<\/sup>\u00a0Sigfrid Hoefert,\u00a0Das Drama des Naturalismus<\/em>, Sammlung Metzler, 75 (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1968), p.\u00a0103.<\/p>\n

33<\/sup>\u00a0John H. Fisher, \u201cThe Progress of Research in Medieval English Literature in the United States of America,\u201d\u00a0English Studies Today<\/em>, 4th ser., ed. Ilva Cellini and Giorgio Melchiori (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1966), pp.\u00a033\u201334.<\/p>\n

k.\u00a0 A modern reprint of an older edition.<\/strong>\u00a0In citing reprints, give the date of the original edition. If the original work appeared in a different country, include the original place of publication as well.<\/p>\n

34<\/sup>\u00a0John Livingston Lowes,\u00a0The Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination<\/em>, 2nd ed. (1930; rpt. New York: Vintage-Knopt, 1959), p.\u00a0231.<\/p>\n

35<\/sup>\u00a0Ren\u00e9 Bray,\u00a0La Formation de la doctrine classique en France<\/em>\u00a0(1927; rpt. Paris: Nizet, 1966), p.\u00a0301.<\/p>\n

36<\/sup>\u00a0Basil Willey,\u00a0The Eighteenth Century Background<\/em>\u00a0(London, 1940; rpt. Boston: Beacon, 1961), p.\u00a043.<\/p>\n

l.\u00a0 An edition<\/strong>\u00a0should be cited as follows:<\/p>\n

37<\/sup>\u00a0W. D. Howells,\u00a0A Hazard of New Fortunes<\/em>, ed. David J. Nordloh et al. (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1976), p.\u00a0217.<\/p>\n

(For the bibliographical listing of this work, which is the sixteenth volume of\u00a0A Selected Edition of W. D. Howells<\/em>, see \u00a742l.)<\/p>\n

If the work of the editor is being discussed or cited, the editor\u2019s name should come first.<\/p>\n

38<\/sup>\u00a0Charlton Hinman, ed.,\u00a0The First Folio of Shakespeare: The Norton Facsimile<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Norton, 1968), p.\u00a0ix.<\/p>\n

In citing an introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword written by neither the author nor the editor, give the writer\u2019s name followed by a comma and Introd., Pref., Foreword, or Afterword, with initial capital letters but without quotation marks. Then list the title of the book preceded by a comma, and the name of the author, preceded by a comma and the word \u201cby.\u201d The writer of a preface or introduction is not necessarily the editor of the book, and no person associated with a text should be labeled \u201ceditor\u201d unless so identified on the title page. It is common practice for a publisher to commission a scholar to write an introduction to a standard novel and to publish that introduction with a resetting of an edition of the work. In citing such an introduction, use the following form:<\/p>\n

39<\/sup>\u00a0Henry Nash Smith, Introd.,\u00a0The Prairie: A Tale<\/em>, by James Fenimore Cooper (New York: Holt, 1950), p.\u00a0xx.<\/p>\n

In citing the text of this edition, use the following form (see \u00a728 on the inclusion of the chapter number):<\/p>\n

40<\/sup>\u00a0James Fenimore Cooper,\u00a0The Prairie: A Tale<\/em>, introd. Henry Nash Smith (New York: Holt, 1950), Ch.\u00a0xxiii, p.\u00a0281.<\/p>\n

For subsequent reference to an edition, see \u00a737b.<\/p>\n

m.\u00a0 A translation<\/strong>\u00a0should be cited as follows:<\/p>\n

41<\/sup>\u00a0Feodor Dostoevsky,\u00a0Crime and Punishment<\/em>, trans. Jessie Coulson, ed. George Gibian (New York: Norton, 1964), p.\u00a0157.<\/p>\n

If the work of the translator is being discussed or cited, his or her name comes first.<\/p>\n

42<\/sup>\u00a0Jessie Coulson, trans.,\u00a0Crime and Punishment<\/em>, by Feodor Dostoevsky, ed. George Gibian (New York: Norton, 1964), p.\u00a0157.<\/p>\n

43<\/sup>\u00a0George C. Schoolfield, trans.,\u00a0The German Lyric of the Baroque in English Translation<\/em>, Univ. of North Carolina Studies in Germanic Langs. And Lits., 29 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1961), p.\u00a0147.<\/p>\n

44<\/sup>\u00a0Alfonso Sastre,\u00a0Sad Are the Eyes of William Tell<\/em>, trans. Leonard C. Pronko, in\u00a0The New Wave Spanish Drama<\/em>, ed. George E. Wellwarth (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1970), p.\u00a0309.<\/p>\n

n.\u00a0 An unpublished dissertation.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0The title should be placed in quotation marks, not [italicized]. Abbreviate \u201cdissertation\u201d as \u201cDiss.\u201d No commas are placed between \u201cDiss.\u201d and the name of the degree-granting university or between the university and the date of completion. The name of the university may be shortened, as long as it remains unambiguous (e.g., \u201cJohns Hopkins\u201d is clear, but \u201cNew York\u201d could refer to a number of institutions).<\/p>\n

45<\/sup>\u00a0Eric L. Gans, \u201cThe Discovery of Illusion: Flaubert\u2019s Early Works, 1835\u20131837,\u201d Diss. Johns Hopkins 1967, p.\u00a034.<\/p>\n

For a reference to a dissertation abstract published in\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em>, see \u00a734m.<\/p>\n

o.\u00a0 A published dissertation<\/strong>\u00a0is treated as a book except for the inclusion of pertinent dissertation information.<\/p>\n

46<\/sup>\u00a0Per Nykrog,\u00a0Les Fabliaux: Etude d\u2019histoire litt\u00e9raire et de stylistique m\u00e9di\u00e9vale<\/em>, Diss. Aarhus 1956 (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1957), p.\u00a068.<\/p>\n

47<\/sup>\u00a0Karl Georg Wendriner,\u00a0Der Einfluss von Goethes<\/em>\u00a0Wilhelm Meister\u00a0auf das Drama der Romantiker<\/em>, Diss. Bonn 1907 (Leipzig: privately printed, 1907), p.\u00a052.<\/p>\n

p.\u00a0 The published proceedings of a conference<\/strong>\u00a0usually appear in a note beginning with the title of the meeting, followed by pertinent information regarding the conference and the publication of its proceedings.<\/p>\n

48<\/sup>\u00a0Humanistic Scholarship in America<\/em>, Proc. of a Conference on the Princeton Studies in the Humanities, 5\u20136 Nov. 1965 (Princeton: Princeton Univ., 1966).<\/p>\n

q.\u00a0 A pamphlet<\/strong>\u00a0is generally cited as a book would be.<\/p>\n

49<\/sup>\u00a0Modern Language Association of America,\u00a0A Guide for Job Candidates and Department Chairmen in English and Foreign Languages<\/em>, rev. ed. (New York: MLA, 1975), p.\u00a026.<\/p>\n

r.\u00a0 Government publications<\/strong>\u00a0are numerous, and their citation in notes and bibliography can be a complicated matter. In general, in citing a government document, indicate the agency first. (If, however, the name of an author is known, it may be given first or, if the agency is listed first, placed after the title and preceded by a comma and the word \u201cby\u201d; see sample notes 54 and 55.) The name of the agency may be abbreviated if the context makes it clear.<\/p>\n

U.S. Cong., Senate<\/p>\n

U.S. Cong., House<\/p>\n

U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare<\/p>\n

Calif. Dept. of Industrial Relations<\/p>\n

Chicago Board of Trade<\/p>\n

The title of the publication ([italicized]) should follow immediately. In citing a Congressional document other than the\u00a0Congressional Record<\/em>\u00a0(which requires only date and page number), include such information as the number and session of Congress, the house (S. or H.R.), and the type and number of publication. Types of Congressional publications include bills (S.\u00a033; H.R.\u00a077), resolutions (S. Res. 20, H. Res. 50), reports (S. Rept. 9, H. Rept. 142), and documents (S. Doc. 333); H. Doc. 222). The usual publishing information comes next (i.e., place, publisher, date). Most federal publications, regardless of the branch of government, are published by the Government Printing Office (GPO) in Washington, D.C.; its British counterpart is Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office (HMSO) in London. Since documents of the United Nations and most local governments do not issue from a central office, give full publishing information as it appears on the title page.<\/p>\n

50<\/sup>\u00a0Cong. Rec.<\/em>, 7 Feb. 1973, pp.\u00a03831\u201351.<\/p>\n

or<\/p>\n

51<\/sup>\u00a0Cong. Rec.<\/em>, Feb. 7, 1973, pp.\u00a03831\u201351.<\/p>\n

52<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,\u00a0Productivity<\/em>\u00a0(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958), p.\u00a010.<\/p>\n

53<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. Cong., Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack,\u00a0Hearings<\/em>, 79th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), I, 25.<\/p>\n

54<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. Cong., House,\u00a0Memphis Riots and Massacres<\/em>, by E. B. Washburne, 39th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Rept. 101 (1866; rpt. New York: Arno, 1969), p.\u00a014.<\/p>\n

55<\/sup>\u00a0E. B. Washburne,\u00a0Memphis Riots and Massacres<\/em>, U.S. 39th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Rept. 101 (1866; rpt. New York: Arno, 1969), p.\u00a014.<\/p>\n

56<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. Cong., Senate, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce,\u00a0Report on Crime Investigation<\/em>, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., S. Rept. 141 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1951), pp.\u00a01\u20135.<\/p>\n

57<\/sup>\u00a0New York State, Committee on State Prisons,\u00a0Investigation of the New York State Prisons<\/em>\u00a0(1883; rpt. New York: Arno, 1974), p.\u00a032.<\/p>\n

58<\/sup>\u00a0New York City, Knapp Commission,\u00a0The Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Braziller, [1973?]), pp.\u00a023\u201324.<\/p>\n

59<\/sup>\u00a0Great Britain, Ministry of Defence,\u00a0Author and Subject Catalogues of the Naval Library, Ministry of Defence<\/em>\u00a0(London: HMSO, 1967), IV, 135.<\/p>\n

60<\/sup>\u00a0United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa,\u00a0Industrial Growth in Africa<\/em>\u00a0(New York: United Nations, 1963), pp.\u00a032\u201333.<\/p>\n

s.\u00a0 Legal references<\/strong>\u00a0offer an even more elaborate and complicated system of annotation than government publications. The indispensable guide for legal work in\u00a0A Uniform System of Citation<\/em>, 12th ed. (Cambridge: Harvard Law Review Association, 1976). In general, laws, acts, and similar documents are not italicized in either text or notes (Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, Taft-Hartley Act). In such citations, one refers to sections rather than pages; the year number should be added if relevant. Although lawyers and legal scholars adopt many abbreviations in their citations, use only familiar abbreviations when writing for a more general audience.<\/p>\n

61<\/sup>\u00a0U.S. Const., art.\u00a0I, sec.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

62<\/sup>\u00a015 U.S. Code, sec.\u00a078j(b) (1964).<\/p>\n

(Note that in references to the United States Code, often abbreviated as U.S.C., the title number must be included: 12 U.S.C., 15 U.S.C., etc.) Names of law cases are both abbreviated and shortened (Brown v. Board of Ed.\u00a0For<\/em>\u00a0Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas), but the first important word of each party is always spelled out. Unlike laws, names of cases are always italicized in text; in notes, they are not. The information required in citing a case includes the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant; the volume, name, and page (in that order) or the law report cited; the name of the court that decided the case; and the year in which it was decided. Once again, considerable abbreviation is the norm.<\/p>\n

63<\/sup>\u00a0Stevens v. National Broadcasting Co., 148 U.S.P.Q. 755 (Cal. Super. Ct. 1966).<\/p>\n

This note cites page 755 of volume 148 of the\u00a0United States Patent Quarterly<\/em>\u00a0dealing with the case of Stevens against the National Broadcasting Company, which was decided by the California Superior Court in 1966.<\/p>\n

t.\u00a0 A book without place of publication, publisher, date of publication, or pagination.<\/strong>\u00a0When a book lacks printed publication information or pagination, indicate this by using one or more of the following abbreviations:<\/p>\n

n.p.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0no place of publication given<\/p>\n

n.p.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0no publisher given<\/p>\n

n.d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0no date of publication given<\/p>\n

n. pag.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 No pagination given (but see also \u00a732v)<\/p>\n

The abbreviation \u201cn.p.\u201d should be placed\u00a0before<\/em>\u00a0the colon to indicate \u201cno place\u201d but\u00a0after<\/em>\u00a0the colon to indicate \u201cno publisher.\u201d<\/p>\n

No date:\u00a0\u00a0(New York: Univ. of Gotham Press, n.d.), p.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

No pagination:\u00a0\u00a0(New York: Univ. of Gotham Press, 1978), n. pag.<\/p>\n

No place:\u00a0\u00a0(n.p.: Univ. of Gotham Press, 1978), p.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

No publisher:\u00a0\u00a0(New York: n.p., 1978), p.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

Neither place nor publisher:\u00a0\u00a0(n.p.: n.p., 1978), p.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

If unstated information is known or ascertained, indicate it in brackets: (New York: Univ. of Gotham Press, [1978]). If little or no information can be ascertained, record what you know:<\/p>\n

64<\/sup>\u00a0Photographic View Album of Cambridge<\/em>\u00a0([England]: n.p., n.d.), n. pag.<\/p>\n

(Note that in the absence of a city of publication, stating the country is preferable to \u201cn.p.\u201d for \u201cno place.\u201d)<\/p>\n

u.\u00a0 A book with multiple publishers.<\/strong>\u00a0If two or more publishers are responsible for the publication of the book\u2014not just two or more offices of the same publisher (see \u00a731h)\u2014then each should be indicated.<\/p>\n

65<\/sup>\u00a0Wilmarth H. Starr, Mary P. Thompson, and Donald D. Walsh, eds.,\u00a0Modern Foreign Languages and the Academically Talented Student<\/em>\u00a0(Washington, D.C.: National Education Association; New York: MLA, 1960), p.\u00a088.<\/p>\n

\u2026 British, Canadian, and American publishers [sometimes] cooperate in the publication of the same work; but this fact is often not stated in any edition of the work. For example, S. B. Harkness,\u00a0The Career of Samuel Butler, 1835\u20131902: A Bibliography<\/em>\u00a0was published by both Macmillan in New York and Bodley Head Press in London, a fact that would not usually be known to a person consulting either one of the editions. In circumstances like this, cite the publishing information of the edition that you are using. If, however, you are preparing a list or bibliography and wish to indicate both publishers, follow the form of sample note 65 (and its related bibliographical form, \u00a742u).<\/p>\n

v.\u00a0 A book without page numbers but with signatures.<\/strong>\u00a0Some books that lack page numbers, especially ones published before 1800, may include at the foot of every fourth page, every eighth page, every sixteenth page, and so on, a sequence of letters, numerals, or other symbols called signatures, which were intended to help the bookbinder assemble the groups of pages into the proper order. The pages following each new signature may bear the same symbol with an added numeral (either Arabic or Roman). In citing books without page numbers but with signatures, use the abbreviation \u201csig.\u201d or \u201csigs.\u201d (instead of \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d), followed by the signature symbol and the leaf number (in Arabic). If no number is printed, supply one: the leaf on which a given signature first appears should be considered \u201c1,\u201d the next leaf, \u201c2,\u201d and so forth, until you reach a new signature. The front of a leaf\u2014that appearing on the reader\u2019s right\u2014is considered the \u201crecto\u201d (indicated as\u00a0r<\/sup>); the back of the leaf\u2014that appearing on the reader\u2019s left\u2014is considered the \u201cverso\u201d (indicated as\u00a0v<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

66<\/sup>\u00a0John Pikeryng,\u00a0A Newe Enterlude of Vice Conteyninge the Historye of Horestes<\/em>\u00a0(London, 1557), sig.\u00a0A2\u00a0r<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

33\u00a0 \u00a0First Note References for Articles in Periodicals: Standard Form<\/strong><\/p>\n

For examples of the various recommendations given in this section, see \u00a734. In notes, the following order, subject to abridgment by omission of unnecessary items (see \u00a732b), should be used (see \u00a741 for the form of a listing in a bibliography).<\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Name(s) of author(s)<\/strong>\u00a0in normal order, followed by a comma. Give the name(s) of the author(s) as printed on the first page or last page of the article. If only initials are given, indicate them all, and, in typing, leave a space after each period. If there is more than one author, treat as described for multiple authors of a book (see \u00a732c).<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Title of the article<\/strong>\u00a0in full, enclosed in quotation marks (not [italicized]), followed by a comma inside the closing quotation marks unless the title has its own punctuation (e.g., a question mark).<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 Name of the periodical,<\/strong>\u00a0[italicized] and followed by a comma. Common words within the name of a periodical may be abbreviated in accordance with standard usage (see \u00a746). In citing the names of newspapers, give the name [italicized], as it appears in the masthead; if the city is not part of the name as it appears in the masthead, supply it in square brackets, not [italicized], following the name:\u00a0Star-Ledger<\/em>\u00a0[Newark, N.J.]. Add names of cities or of institutions (in square brackets) to differentiate a given periodical from others with the same title or to locate an unfamiliar journal.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 Series number,<\/strong>\u00a0only if the journal is published in more than one series:\u00a0The Library<\/em>, 5th ser., 15 (1960);\u00a0Oxford Slavonic Papers<\/em>, NS\u00a01 (1968), 85\u2013104. The abbreviations \u201cNS\u201d and \u201cOS\u201d stand for \u201cnew series\u201d and \u201coriginal series,\u201d respectively, and are followed by the volume number in that series.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 Volume number<\/strong>\u00a0(not preceded by \u201cVol.\u201d), designated by an Arabic numeral, followed by a comma unless the next detail is enclosed in parentheses. For journals that have continuous pagination throughout the volume (i.e., if the last page of the first issue is numbered 130, then the first page of the second issue would be numbered 131, etc.), use the volume number followed by the year (in parentheses), a comma, and the page number(s):\u00a0Studies in Short Fiction<\/em>, 12 (1975), 91.<\/p>\n

If, however, each issue of a volume is paged independently (i.e., each begins with p.\u00a01), then specify in parentheses the month or season of the issue along with the year: (March 1975) or (Winter 1977); if the month or season is not known, indicate the issue number preceded by \u201cNo.\u201d following the volume number and comma and preceding the year in parentheses:\u00a0American-German Review<\/em>, 20, No.\u00a05 (1954), 46. State issue number alone for journals that do not have volume numbers:\u00a0Fiera Letteraria<\/em>, No.\u00a041 (1965), p.\u00a06. For journals with a complex and unfamiliar numbering system, give all particulars known, citing the largest division first: A\u00f1o\u00a013, Tomo\u00a041, No.\u00a02.<\/p>\n

Omit volume numbers and issue numbers of newspapers and weekly or monthly magazines and give the complete date instead, set off by commas and followed by the page numbers:\u00a0Chronicle of Higher Education<\/em>, 17 Jan. 1977, p.\u00a05. Because different editions of newspapers contain different material, it is often useful to specify the edition:\u00a0New York Times<\/em>, Late City Ed., 29 Dec. 1968, p.\u00a036, col.\u00a01. With some newspapers, not even all copies labeled \u201cLate City Ed.\u201d (or another edition) are necessarily identical; in such cases, the writer may have to ascertain the precise system of stars or other symbols that identifies a newspaper\u2019s disparate editions.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 The year<\/strong>\u2014preceded by month or season (e.g., Nov. or Autumn) only if pagination of each issue is separate\u2014enclosed in parentheses (except for daily, weekly, or monthly publications), followed by a comma:\u00a0Renaissance Quarterly<\/em>, 29 (1976), 433;\u00a0Kansas Quarterly<\/em>, 3 (Spring 1971), 3\u20139. If the volume covers several years, list only the year of the article in question.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 Page number(s)<\/strong>\u00a0in Arabic numerals (preceded by \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d only when no volume number is cited). Follow the page number with a period unless an additional reference to a note is needed (217n. or 217, n.\u00a018.). For newspapers, it may be necessary to give section numbers, and it is convenient to include column numbers:\u00a0New York Times<\/em>, 21 Sept. 1969, Sec.\u00a04, p.\u00a014, cols.\u00a04\u20136.<\/p>\n

34\u00a0 \u00a0First Note References for Articles in Periodicals: Sample Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 General remarks.<\/strong>\u00a0Following are examples of the various recommendations in \u00a733. For bibliographical examples that parallel the sample notes in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of \u00a743.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume.<\/strong>\u00a0This is the basic form of reference to an article in a periodical.<\/p>\n

67<\/sup>\u00a0Jarold W. Ramsey, \u201cThe Wife Who Goes Out like a Man, Comes Back as a Hero: The Art of Two Oregon Indian Narratives,\u201d\u00a0PMLA<\/em>, 92 (1977), 15.<\/p>\n

For subsequent references to such articles, see \u00a737.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 An article from a journal that pages each issue separately or that numbers only issues.<\/strong><\/p>\n

68<\/sup>\u00a0John R. Frey, \u201cAmerica and Her Literature Reviewed by Postwar Germany,\u201d\u00a0American-German Review<\/em>, 20, No.\u00a05 (1954), 4\u20136.<\/p>\n

69<\/sup>\u00a0Donald Stephens and George Woodcock, \u201cThe Literary History of Canada<\/em>: Editorial Views,\u201d\u00a0Canadian Literature<\/em>, No.\u00a024 (1965), p.\u00a010.<\/p>\n

70<\/sup>\u00a0Germain Marc\u2019hadour, \u201cHugh Latimer and Thomas More,\u201d\u00a0Moreana<\/em>, No.\u00a018 (1968), pp.\u00a029\u201349.<\/p>\n

When no volume number is given, pages are identified by \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d; issue numbers are given as Arabic numerals, preceded by \u201cNo.\u201d Months may be added for the sake of precision when the numbering system is unfamiliar.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 An article from a journal with more than one series.<\/strong><\/p>\n

71<\/sup>\u00a0Yu D. Levin, \u201cTolstoy, Shakespeare, and Russian Writers of the 1860s,\u201d\u00a0Oxford Slavonic Papers<\/em>, NS\u00a01 (1968), 85\u2013104.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 An article from a weekly magazine or weekly newspaper.<\/strong><\/p>\n

72<\/sup>\u00a0Hennig Cohen, \u201cWhy Isn\u2019t Melville for the Masses?\u201d\u00a0Saturday Review<\/em>, 16 Aug. 1969, pp.\u00a019\u201321.<\/p>\n

73<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cThe Old Art Forms Will Wither Away,\u201d\u00a0National Observer<\/em>, 22 Sept. 1969, p.\u00a01, cols.\u00a02\u20134; p.\u00a022, cols.\u00a01\u20133.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 An article from a monthly magazine.<\/strong><\/p>\n

74<\/sup>\u00a0Irving Howe, \u201cJames Baldwin: At Ease in Apocalypse,\u201d\u00a0Harper\u2019s<\/em>, Sept. 1968, p.\u00a092.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 An article from a daily newspaper.<\/strong>\u00a0(For weekly newspapers, see \u00a734e.)<\/p>\n

75<\/sup>\u00a0Jane E. Brody, \u201cMultiple Cancers Termed on Increase,\u201d\u00a0New York Times<\/em>, Late City Ed., 10 Oct. 1976, Sec.\u00a01,\u00a0\u00a0p.\u00a037, col.\u00a01.<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 An editorial.<\/strong><\/p>\n

76<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cThe Spirit of \u201977,\u201d Editorial,\u00a0Washington Post<\/em>, 21 Jan. 1977, Sec.\u00a0A,\u00a0\u00a0p.\u00a022, col.\u00a01\u20132.<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 An anonymous article.<\/strong><\/p>\n

77<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cA Return to Guido Gozzano: An Italian Poet Rediscovered,\u201d\u00a0Italy: Documents and Notes<\/em>, 17, No.\u00a01 (1968),\u00a0\u00a055\u201360.<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 A letter to the editor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

78<\/sup>\u00a0Harry T. Moore, Letter,\u00a0Sewanee Review<\/em>, 71 (1963), 347\u201348.<\/p>\n

k.\u00a0 Reviews, signed and unsigned.<\/strong>\u00a0After the reviewer\u2019s name, state the title of the review (if there is one), the title and author of the work under review (preceded by \u201crev. of\u201d), and the appropriate publication information. If the review is unsigned, begin the citation with the title of the review or, if untitled, simply with \u201cRev. of.\u201d<\/p>\n

79<\/sup>\u00a0Melvin Maddocks, \u201cSermonets and Stoicism,\u201d rev. of\u00a0Not So Wild a Dream<\/em>, by Eric Sevareid,\u00a0Time<\/em>, 30 Aug. 1976, p.\u00a069.<\/p>\n

80<\/sup>\u00a0Patricia Merivale, rev. of\u00a0George Eliot and Flaubert: Pioneers of the Modern Novel<\/em>, by Barbara Smalley,\u00a0Comparative Literature Studies<\/em>, 13 (1976), 76\u201377.<\/p>\n

81<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cThe Cooling of an Admiration,\u201d rev. of\u00a0Pound\/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce<\/em>, ed. Forrest Read,\u00a0Times Literary Supplement<\/em>, 6 March 1969, pp.\u00a0239\u201340.<\/p>\n

82<\/sup>\u00a0Rev. of\u00a0Anthology of Danish Literature<\/em>, ed. F. J. Billeskov Jansen and P. M. Mitchell,\u00a0Times Literary Supplement<\/em>, 7 July 1972, p.\u00a0785.<\/p>\n

l.\u00a0 An article whose title contains a quotation or a title within quotation marks.<\/strong><\/p>\n

83<\/sup>\u00a0Warren Carrier, \u201cCommonplace Costumes and Essential Gaudiness: Wallace Stevens\u2019 \u2018The Emperor of Ice-Cream,\u2019\u201d\u00a0College Literature<\/em>, 1 (1974), 230.<\/p>\n

On titles within titles, see \u00a713c.<\/p>\n

m.\u00a0 An article from\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em>.<\/strong>\u00a0Beginning with Vol.\u00a030 (1969),\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts<\/em>\u00a0(DA<\/em>) became\u00a0Dissertation Abstracts International<\/em>\u00a0(DAI<\/em>). From Vol.\u00a027 on, the\u00a0DA<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0DAI<\/em>\u00a0are paginated in two series: \u201cA\u201d for humanities and social sciences, \u201cB\u201d for the sciences. It is useful to identify the degree-granting institution in parentheses at the end of a\u00a0DA<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0DAI<\/em>\u00a0citation.<\/p>\n

84<\/sup>\u00a0Eric L. Gans, \u201cThe Discovery of Illusion: Flaubert\u2019s Early Works, 1835\u20131837,\u201d\u00a0DA<\/em>, 27 (1967), 3046A (Johns Hopkins).<\/p>\n

35\u00a0 \u00a0First Note References for Other Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n

For bibliographical examples that parallel the sample notes in each of these lettered subsections, see the corresponding lettered subsection of \u00a744.<\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 Manuscripts and typescripts.<\/strong>\u00a0In citing such sources, state, among other details, the location of the material, the identifying number (if any) that may have been assigned to it, and whether it is a manuscript (MS) or typescript (TS). Manuscripts are usually foliated (i.e., numbered by leaves rather than pages); use \u201cfol.\u201d To indicate the leaf of a manuscript being quoted.<\/p>\n

85<\/sup>\u00a0Notebook 32, TS, p.\u00a050. This and all other notebooks cited are in the Mark Twain Papers, Univ. of California, Berkeley.<\/p>\n

86<\/sup>\u00a0This is translated from the colophon of Bodley MS.\u00a0901.<\/p>\n

87<\/sup>\u00a0Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale MS. Nouv. Acq. 1159.<\/p>\n

88<\/sup>\u00a0Morgan Library MS.\u00a0819, fol.\u00a017.<\/p>\n

Note that in the above citations the location of the typescript from the Mark Twain Papers is explicitly stated but that the locations of the other manuscripts\u2014the Bodleian and Morgan libraries and the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale\u2014are identified by being incorporated into the manuscript numbers.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Lectures.<\/strong>\u00a0Give the speaker\u2019s name, the title of the lecture (if known) in quotation marks, the sponsoring organization (if applicable), the location, and the date.<\/p>\n

89<\/sup>\u00a0Madeleine Doran, \u201cThe Style and the Story: Shakespeare\u2019s Appropriate and Varying Artistry,\u201d English Section I, MLA Convention, San Francisco, 27 Dec. 1975.<\/p>\n

c.\u00a0 Films.<\/strong>\u00a0The citation must include the title ([italicized]), distributor, and date. Other information (writer, director, performers, producer, etc.) may be given if pertinent. Physical characteristics (e.g., size and length of film) may also be given (in parentheses after the date) if this information might be useful to the reader.<\/p>\n

90<\/sup>\u00a0Bernardo Bertolucci, dir.,\u00a0Last Tango in Paris<\/em>, with Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider, United Artists, 1972.<\/p>\n

d.\u00a0 Theatrical performances.<\/strong>\u00a0References to theatrical performances should contain information similar to that given for films but should also include theater, city, and date of performance. In some cases, it is desirable to cite the conductor (cond.) or choreographer (chor.). the person cited first may vary, depending on the desired emphasis (cf. \u00a7\u00a7 32l and 32m).<\/p>\n

91<\/sup>\u00a0John Gielgud, dir.,\u00a0Hamlet<\/em>, by Shakespeare, with Richard Burton, Shubert Theatre, Boston, 4 March 1964.<\/p>\n

92<\/sup>\u00a0John Kander and Fred Ebb,\u00a0Chicago<\/em>, dir. Bob Fosse, with Gwen Verdon, Chita Rivera, and Jerry Orbach, Forty-Sixth Street Theatre, New York, 20 Oct. 1975.<\/p>\n

93<\/sup>\u00a0Robert Shaw, cond., Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Concert, Atlanta Arts Center, 14 May 1974.<\/p>\n

94<\/sup>\u00a0Sarah Caldwell, dir. and cond.,\u00a0La Traviata<\/em>, with Beverly Sills, Opera Company of Boston, Orpheum Theatre, Boston, 4 Nov. 1972.<\/p>\n

95<\/sup>\u00a0George Balanchine, chor.,\u00a0Harlequinade<\/em>, New York City Ballet, New York State Theater, New York, 8 July 1968.<\/p>\n

e.\u00a0 Musical compositions<\/strong>\u00a0should be cited in the text if possible. If they must be cited in the notes\u2014in order not to clutter the text with opus numbers, for example\u2014follow the guidelines on titles in \u00a713.<\/p>\n

96<\/sup>\u00a0Beethoven, Symphony No.\u00a07 in A, op.\u00a092.<\/p>\n

f.\u00a0 Works of art<\/strong>\u00a0should be cited in the text if possible. If a statue or painting must be cited in the notes, follow the guidelines on titles in \u00a713. Remember to identify the institution housing the work (e.g., the museum) as well as the city. If only a photograph of the work is used, indicate this and include its source in citing the work.<\/p>\n

97<\/sup>\u00a0Rembrandt,\u00a0Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer<\/em>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.<\/p>\n

98<\/sup>\u00a0Jean-Antoine Houdon,\u00a0Statue of Voltaire<\/em>, Com\u00e9die Fran\u00e7aise, Paris; Illus.\u00a051 in\u00a0Literature through Art: A New approach to French Literature<\/em>, by Helmut A. Hatzfeld (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1952), p.\u00a0118.<\/p>\n

g.\u00a0 Radio or television programs<\/strong>\u00a0are cited as follows: title of program ([italicized]), network or local station and its city, and date of broadcast. Where appropriate, the title of the episode (in quotation marks) is given before the title of the program and the title of the series (not [italicized] and not in quotation marks) is given after the program. Other information (director, narrator, producer) may be given if pertinent.<\/p>\n

99<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cThe Joy Ride,\u201d writ. Alfred Shaughnessy,\u00a0Upstairs, Downstairs<\/em>, created by Eileen Atkins and Jean Marsh dir. Bill Bain, prod. John Hawkesworth, Masterpiece Theatre, introd. Alistair Cooke, PBS, 6 Feb. 1977.<\/p>\n

100<\/sup>\u00a0The First Americans<\/em>, narr. Hugh Downs, writ. and prod. Craig Fisher, NBC News Special, 21 March 1968.<\/p>\n

101<\/sup>\u00a0The Black Cat<\/em>, dir. Hi Brown, CBS Mystery Theater, 4 Nov. 1973.<\/p>\n

h.\u00a0 Recordings<\/strong>\u00a0that are commercially available require a citation that includes composer (or performer), title of record or tape [or compact disc or DVD etc.] (or of the works on the recording), artist(s), manufacturer, catalog number, and year of issue (if unknown, indicate \u201cn.d.\u201d; see \u00a732t). The physical characteristics may be included (in parentheses) following the catalog number if the information is relevant or if the recording is not readily available (see sample note 107).<\/p>\n

102<\/sup>\u00a0Giuseppe Verdi,\u00a0Rigoletto<\/em>, with Joan Sutherland, Luciano Pavarotti, Sherrill Milnes, and Martti Talvela, cond. Richard Bonynge, London Symphony Orchestra and Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Records, OSA-12105, 1973.<\/p>\n

103<\/sup>\u00a0Billie Holiday, \u201cGod Bless the Child,\u201d\u00a0Essential Billie Holiday<\/em>, Verve, 68410, 1961.<\/p>\n

The title of a recording of classical music (e.g.,\u00a0Mozart on a Summer\u2019s Evening<\/em>) is often less important than the list of works recorded and may be omitted from the citation. Titles of musical compositions, as mentioned above (\u00a713a), are not [italicized] or put in quotation marks if identified only by form, number, and key.<\/p>\n

104<\/sup>\u00a0Wolfgang A. Mozart, Divertimento in D (K.\u00a0334) and Notturno (Serenade) in D (K.\u00a0286), cond. Neville Mariner, Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields Orchestra, Argo, ZRG\u00a0705, 1973.<\/p>\n

Recordings of the spoken word should be treated in the same way, usually with the speaker cited first.<\/p>\n

105<\/sup>\u00a0Edward R. Murrow,\u00a0Year of Decision: 1943<\/em>, Columbia, CPS-3872, 1957.<\/p>\n

106<\/sup>\u00a0Robert Frost, \u201cStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,\u201d\u00a0Robert Frost Reads His Poetry<\/em>, Caedmon, XC\u00a0783, 1952.<\/p>\n

The titles of private or archival recordings and tapes should not be [italicized]. The date recorded (if known) and the location and identifying number of the recording should also be included.<\/p>\n

107<\/sup>\u00a0D. K. Wilgus, Southern Folk Tales, recorded 23\u201325 March 1965, Univ. of California, Los Angeles Archives of Folklore, B.76.82 (7\u00bd\u00a0ips, 7″ reel).<\/p>\n

Jacket notes, librettos, and other material accompanying a recording may be cited as follows:<\/p>\n

108<\/sup>\u00a0David Lewiston, Jacket Notes,\u00a0The Balinese Gamelan: Music from the Morning of the World<\/em>, Nonesuch Explorer Series, H-2015, n.d.<\/p>\n

109<\/sup>\u00a0Colette, Libretto,\u00a0L\u2019Enfant et les sortil\u00e8ges<\/em>, by Maurice Ravel, with Suzanne Danco and Hugues Cuenod, cond. Ernest Ansermet, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Richmond-London, SR\u00a033086, n.d., p.\u00a08.<\/p>\n

110<\/sup>\u00a0William Weaver, \u201cThe Making of\u00a0Turandot<\/em>,\u201d in Libretto,\u00a0Turandot<\/em>, by Giacomo Puccini, with Birgit Nilsson and Franco Corelli, cond. Francesco Molinari-Pradelli, Rome Opera House Orchestra and Chorus, Angel, CL-3671, 1966, pp.\u00a05\u20136.<\/p>\n

i.\u00a0 Personal letters<\/strong>\u00a0fall into three general categories for the researcher: published letters, letters in archives, and letters received by the researcher. Treat published letters as works in a collection (see \u00a7\u00a7 32g and 32h), adding date of letter and number, if one has been assigned by the editor. In citing unpublished letters, follow the basic guidelines for manuscripts and typescripts (\u00a735a) and for private and archival recordings and tapes (\u00a735h).<\/p>\n

111<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cTo George Henry Lewes,\u201d 6 March 1848, Letter 452,\u00a0Letters and Private Papers of William Makepeace Thackeray<\/em>, ed. Gordon N. Ray (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1946), II, 353\u201354.<\/p>\n

112<\/sup>\u00a0Thomas Hart Benton, Letter to John Charles Fremont, 22 June 1847, John Charles Fremont Papers, Southwest Museum Library, Los Angeles, Calif.<\/p>\n

Cite a letter personally received as follows:<\/p>\n

113<\/sup>\u00a0Letter received from Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 17 May 1976.<\/p>\n

Some scholars use the abbreviations ALS (autograph letter signed) and TLS (typed letter signed) to distinguish between handwritten and typewritten letters.<\/p>\n

j.\u00a0 Personal and telephone interviews<\/strong>\u00a0require the name of the person making the statement and the date it was made. The note should specify at the outset the mode of communication.<\/p>\n

114<\/sup>\u00a0Personal interview with Kurt Vonnegut, 27 July 1976.<\/p>\n

115<\/sup>\u00a0Telephone interview with Alvin F. Poussaint, Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 7 May 1975.<\/p>\n

k.\u00a0 Documents from an information service.<\/strong>\u00a0Treat documents secured from an information service\u2014such as ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) or NTIS (National Technical Information Service)\u2014like other printed materials, adding a reference to the source. If the document was published separately from the information service, give full details of its original publication, followed by its identifying number in the information service.<\/p>\n

116<\/sup>\u00a0Bernard Spolsky,\u00a0Navajo Language Maintenance: Six-Year-Olds in 1969<\/em>, Navajo Reading Study Prog. Report No.\u00a05 (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico, 1969), p.\u00a022 (ERIC ED 043\u00a0004).<\/p>\n

If the document was not previously published, treat the distribution of the document by the information service as the mode of publication.<\/p>\n

117<\/sup>\u00a0Paul R. Streiff,\u00a0Some Criteria for Designing Evaluation of TESOL Programs<\/em>\u00a0(ERIC ED 040\u00a0385), p.\u00a010.<\/p>\n

Note that there is no place of publication for documents distributed by EDRS (ERIC Document Reproduction Service), since the location of this government-sponsored services changes.<\/p>\n

l.\u00a0 Indirect sources.<\/strong>\u00a0Whenever possible, information should be taken from the original source, not a secondhand one. In some instances, however, the most direct source is an indirect one; for example, a spoken remark may be recorded in the journals of someone present when it was made or of someone to whom the remark was later retold.<\/p>\n

118<\/sup>\u00a0Samuel Johnson, 20 March 1776, as quoted in James Boswell,\u00a0The Life of Johnson<\/em>, ed. George Birkbeck Hill and L. F. Powell, II (Oxford: Clarendon, 1934), 450.<\/p>\n

On some occasions, it may be necessary to quote from a quotation within another book when the original book is not available. In these instances, give all information that is available to you about the original work.<\/p>\n

119<\/sup>\u00a0Bernardo Segni,\u00a0Rettorica et poetica d\u2019Aristotile<\/em>\u00a0(Florence: L. Torrentino, 1549), p.\u00a0281, as quoted in Bernard Weinberg,\u00a0A History of Literary Criticism in the Italian Renaissance<\/em>\u00a0(Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1961), I, 405.<\/p>\n

120<\/sup>\u00a0Lionardo Salviati,\u00a0Poetica d\u2019Aristotile parafrasata e comentata<\/em>\u00a0(Florence, 1586), MS. II. II. 11., Bibl. Naz. Centrale, Florence, fol.\u00a0140\u00a0v<\/sup>, as quoted in Weinberg, I, 616\u201317.<\/p>\n

36\u00a0 \u00a0Consolidation of References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Whenever feasible, consolidate references in your notes. The sources of several items within a sentence or paragraph can often be incorporated in the same note, with individual citations separated by semicolons.<\/p>\n

121<\/sup>\u00a0This paper on how to prepare an index is indebted to Kenneth L. Pike, \u201cHow to Make an Index,\u201d\u00a0PMLA<\/em>, 83 (1968), 991\u201393; Robert L. Collison,\u00a0Indexing Books<\/em>\u00a0(New York: DeGraff, 1962); Sina Spiker,\u00a0Indexing Your Book<\/em>\u00a0(Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1964); and\u00a0A Manual of Style<\/em>, 12th ed. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969), pp.\u00a0399\u2013430.<\/p>\n

37\u00a0 \u00a0Subsequent References to a Book or Periodical<\/strong><\/p>\n

a.\u00a0 General remarks.<\/strong>\u00a0After a work has been fully identified in a note, it is subsequently cited in shortened form. Be brief. Be clear. Make sure that the reader can recognize what work is being cited. In most cases, the author\u2019s last name alone, followed by relevant page numbers, will do. For example, a second or later reference to Northrop Frye\u2019s\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism<\/em>, cited above as sample note 1 (\u00a732b), would simply be:<\/p>\n

122<\/sup>\u00a0Frye, pp.\u00a0345\u201347.<\/p>\n

The once popular abbreviations \u201cop. cit.\u201d (\u201cin the work cited\u201d) and \u201cloc. cit.\u201d (in the place cited\u201d) are now considered superfluous. If two or more authors with the identical surname or two or more works by the same author are cited\u2014Frye\u2019s\u00a0Anatomy of Criticism<\/em>\u00a0as well as his\u00a0The Critical Path<\/em>\u2014citations after the first full reference note should include a shortened form of the title after the author\u2019s last name.<\/p>\n

123<\/sup>\u00a0Frye,\u00a0Anatomy<\/em>, p.\u00a0278.<\/p>\n

124<\/sup>\u00a0Frye,\u00a0Critical Path<\/em>, pp.\u00a01\u201310.<\/p>\n

If an unfamiliar abbreviation is used in repeated citations of a work, indicate in the first note the shortened form of subsequent references. Such short-form citations can and often should be included, within parentheses, in the body of the text instead of in the notes.<\/p>\n

125<\/sup>\u00a0George Watson, ed.,\u00a0The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature<\/em>, III (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969), col.\u00a0270; hereafter cited as\u00a0NCBEL<\/em>.<\/p>\n

For subsequent references to articles in periodicals, give the author\u2019s name and the page number(s). (In the absence of a volume number, remember to indicate \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d) For example, a second or later reference to the article by Jarold W. Ramsey cited as sample note 67 (\u00a734b) would be:<\/p>\n

126<\/sup>\u00a0Ramsey, p.\u00a016.<\/p>\n

If two or more articles by the same author are being used, add a shortened form of the title: Ramsey, \u201cThe Wife Who Goes Out,\u201d p.\u00a013.<\/p>\n

Repeat information when two references in sequence refer to the same work; do not use \u201cibid.\u201d On frequent reference to the same work, see \u00a7\u00a7 13e and 37b.<\/p>\n

b.\u00a0 Notes and parenthetical references combined.<\/strong>\u00a0When dealing extensively with a single work (as in a term paper on a novel) or with several works by the same author, give in a note a first full reference to the edition being used and indicate all further references to that work parenthetically within the text.<\/p>\n

Note:<\/em><\/p>\n

127<\/sup>\u00a0Jonathan Swift,\u00a0Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em>, ed. Robert B. Heilman, rev. ed. (New York: Modern Library-Random House, 1969), Pt.\u00a0I, Ch.\u00a0iii (p.\u00a049). All further references to this work appear in the text.<\/p>\n

Subsequent reference in text:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0In Brobdingnag, Gulliver is attacked by rats and by \u201cabove twenty wasps \u2026 humming louder than the drones of as many bagpipes\u201d (Pt.\u00a0II, Ch.\u00a0iii; p.\u00a0123).<\/p>\n

When the quotation is incorporated into the text, place the final period after the closing parenthesis, not before the closing quotation mark. When the quotation is set off from the text, place the period at the end of the quotation before the parenthetical statement and omit punctuation after the closing parenthesis.<\/p>\n

Gulliver thus describes his encounter with the giant wasps of Brobdingnag:<\/p>\n

I remember one morning when \u2026, after I had lifted up one of my sashes and sat down at my table to eat a piece of sweet cake for my breakfast, above twenty wasps, allured by the smell, came flying into the room, humming louder than the drones of as many bagpipes. Some of them seized my cake and carried it piecemeal away; others flow about my head and face, confounding me with the noise and putting me in the utmost terror of their stings. (Pt.\u00a0II, Ch.\u00a0iii; p.\u00a0123)<\/p>\n

It is usual\u2014after specifying in a note the edition being used\u2014to cite a play or long poem by a short title or familiar abbreviation and by main division and line numbers separated by periods (not commas) without spacing. Such a reference can usually be inserted within parentheses in the text immediately after the quotation. \u2026 When in doubt about an abbreviation, consult the instructor \u2026. An unfamiliar abbreviation should be explained, as in sample note 125 in \u00a737a.<\/p>\n

Iliad<\/em>\u00a0XI.19<\/p>\n

I Chron. xxi.8<\/p>\n

Luke xiv.5<\/p>\n

Oth.<\/em>\u00a0IV.ii.7\u201313\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[Oth.<\/em>\u00a0For Shakespeare\u2019s\u00a0Othello<\/em>]<\/p>\n

FQ<\/em>\u00a0III.iii.53.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[FQ<\/em>\u00a0for Spenser\u2019s\u00a0Faerie Queene<\/em>]<\/p>\n

Notice that commas are not used after the titles in these references. If the title has been mentioned in the text or is clearly implied, it need not be repeated in the documentation. \u2026<\/p>\n

38\u00a0 \u00a0Other Uses of Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Besides documenting assertions and quotations, notes may direct the reader\u2019s attention to previous studies that support, or disagree with, the ideas being presented or modified in the study. Writers who work with foreign languages sometimes place in a note the English translation of a passage quoted; those who are addressing an audience unlikely to know the foreign language frequently offer the translation in the text and the original in the note. Some writers use notes for peripheral explications or comments, but essay-like notes divert the reader\u2019s attention from the primary text. In general, omit exposition that cannot be accommodated in the text.<\/p>\n

39\u00a0 \u00a0Other Methods of Documentation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Parenthetical documentation (i.e., in the text) for\u00a0all<\/em>\u00a0references is employed only in papers requiring very few citations or in bibliographical studies. If adopting this practice, remember to place\u00a0in the text<\/em>\u00a0all the information normally found in the notes. The method may vary.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0Principles of Tragedy<\/em>\u00a0(Coral Gables, Fla.: Univ. of Miami Press, 1968), p.\u00a057, Geoffrey Brereton states that \u2026.<\/p>\n

Klaus Weissenberger\u2014Formen der Elegie von Goethe bis Celan<\/em>\u00a0(Bern: Francke, 1969), p.\u00a0118\u2014argues that \u2026.<\/p>\n

John A. Jones (Pope\u2019s Couplet Art<\/em>\u00a0[Athens: Ohio Univ. Press, 1969], p.\u00a0105) analyzes \u2026.<\/p>\n

Mary Ann Caws (The Presence of Ren\u00e9 Char<\/em>, Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1976, pp.\u00a0322\u201324) concludes \u2026.<\/p>\n

In scientific and technical writing, \u2026 footnotes are commonly omitted; instead, an author-date, author-title, or number system refers the reader to an appended bibliography, even for the initial citation of a work. In the author-date and author-title systems, only the author\u2019s last name, a shortened title (if more than one work by that author is being used) or the date of publication, and the page number(s) need be given.<\/p>\n

Only one study has even touched upon this question (Smith, 10\u201315).<\/p>\n

Only one study has even touched upon this question (Smith,\u00a0Principles<\/em>, 10\u201315).<\/p>\n

Only one study has even touched upon this question (Smith, 1972, 10\u201315).<\/p>\n

Scientific and technical writers using the number system assign numbers to the works in the bibliography and cite in parenthetical documentation only the number of the work (sometimes [italicized or bolded]) and the page number(s).<\/p>\n

Only one study has even touched upon this question (36<\/strong>, 10\u201315).<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

Footnote<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a01<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0Like this. And suppose you had found only \u201cIbid.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed. Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp.\u00a049\u201395. 27\u00a0 \u00a0General Remarks Although sources of quotations and authorities for statements of fact or opinion must be cited in a scholarly study, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":138,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"\nDocumentation - Keir Armstrong<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The following is an excerpt from the\u00a0MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed. 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