News Archives - Sensor Systems and The Internet of Things

IoT-Enabled e-Health Systems: Navigating Security Challenges and Strategic Recommendations

mohannadabuissa — Tue, 03 Jun 2025 16:28:27 +0000

Ali Farhat, Mohannad Abu Issa, Abdelrahman Eldosouky, Mohamed Ibnkahla, Jason Jaskolka, and Ashraf Matrawy

The Internet of Things (IoT) facilitates the integration of diverse devices for data collection and exchange, significantly impacting various domains, including e-health. E-health systems leverage IoT to monitor patients’ health through smart medical devices, enabling local and remote data access. Despite the benefits, the increased connectivity introduces new cybersecurity risks, as malicious actors can exploit vulnerabilities to access sensitive patient information. Traditional security measures have mostly focused on securing individual devices through authentication and encryption. However, many medical devices lack built-in security features or the ability to be updated. To this end, this paper proposes a shift towards system-level security for e-health IoT systems, emphasizing the protection of the entire system rather than just the devices. The paper outlines best practices and recommendations to enhance security, improve interoperability, and address current gaps. These recommendations and guidelines are introduced to support medical institutions, device manufacturers, policymakers, and governments in developing robust security frameworks and policies. The recommendations are designed to be actionable across various levels of the e-health system, fostering secure and interoperable e-health solutions.

A. Farhat, M. A. Issa, A. Eldosouky, M. Ibnkahla, J. Jaskolka and A. Matrawy, “IoT-Enabled e-Health Systems: Navigating Security Challenges and Strategic Recommendations,” 2025 IEEE 22nd International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), Monastir, Tunisia, 2025, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/SSD64182.2025.10990002.

For more details:��

Towards Intelligent Intent-based Network Slicing for IoT Systems: Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Vision

mohannadabuissa — Mon, 19 May 2025 14:42:02 +0000

Dana Haj Hussein, Mohamed Ibnkahla

The rapid integration of intelligence and automation into future Internet of Things (IoT) systems, empowered by Intent-based Networking (IBN) and Network Slicing (NS) technologies, is transforming the way novel services are envisioned and delivered. The automation capabilities of IBN depend significantly on key facilitators, including data management and resource management. A robust data management methodology is essential for leveraging large-scale data, encompassing service-specific and network-specific data, enabling IBN systems to extract insights and facilitate real-time decision-making. Another critical enabler involves deploying intent-based mechanisms within an NS system that translate and ensure user intents by mapping them to precise Management and Orchestration (MO) commands. Nevertheless, data management in IoT systems faces significant security and operational challenges due to the diverse range of services and technologies involved. Furthermore, intent-based resource management demands intelligent proactive, and adaptive MO mechanisms that can fulfill a wide range of intent requirements. Existing surveys within the field have focused on technology-specific advancements, often overlooking these challenges. In response, this paper defines Intelligent Intent-Based Network Slicing (I-IBNS) systems exemplifying the integration of intelligent IBN and NS for the MO of IoT systems. Furthermore, the paper surveys I-IBNS systems, focusing on two critical domains: resource management and data management. The resource management segment examines recent developments in IBN mechanisms within an NS system. Meanwhile, the second segment explores data management complexities within IoT networks. Moreover, the paper envisions the roles of intent, NS, and the IoT ecosystem, thereby laying the foundation for future research directions.

D. H. Hussein and M. Ibnkahla, “Towards Intelligent Intent-based Network Slicing for IoT Systems: Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Vision,” in IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2025.3570052.

For more details:��

IEEE Internet of Things Journal: Interaction-aware Trust Management Scheme for IoT Systems With Machine Learning-Based Attack Detection

mohannadabuissa — Thu, 20 Mar 2025 18:31:30 +0000

Ali Farhat, Abdelrahman Eldosouky, Mohamed Ibnkahla, and Ashraf Matrawy

The recent Internet of Things (IoT) adoption has revolutionized various applications while introducing significant security and privacy challenges. Traditional security solutions are unsuitable for IoT systems due to their dynamicity, heterogeneity, and resource constraints. Trust-based solutions are emerging as promising alternatives due to their ability to track the dynamic behavior in IoT systems. However, existing trust management schemes are implemented at the device level, raising several challenges, including device modification that compromises certification and scalability, increased network overhead, and higher device resource utilization. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel trust management scheme that shifts its implementation to a higher layer in the IoT system, specifically to the IoT access layer (e.g., gateway). The proposed scheme establishes trust based on typical device interactions with the gateway without requiring additional information from the device. It relies on objective attributes spanning communication, security, and advanced dimensions to compute the trust value of an IoT device. Additionally, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is integrated to determine if the device acts maliciously or behaves normally. Simulation results demonstrate a notable improvement in the detection rate, primarily due to incorporating the proposed ANN, compared to the threshold-based approaches in the literature. Overall, the improvements highlight the significant advantage of the proposed scheme’s robustness.

A. Farhat, A. Eldosouky, M. Ibnkahla and A. Matrawy, “Interaction-aware Trust Management Scheme for IoT Systems With Machine Learning-Based Attack Detection,” in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3539646

For more details:��

2023 IEEE Globecom: IoT Trust Establishment Through System Level Interactions and Communication Attributes

mohannadabuissa — Thu, 20 Mar 2025 18:14:25 +0000

Ali Farhat,��Abdelrahman Eldosouky,��Mohamed Ibnkahla, and Ashraf Matrawy

The integration of Internet of Things (loT)-based solutions in various applications introduced several challenges in security and privacy. Due to the nature of loT systems, traditional security solutions are not suitable for solving these challenges. Researchers introduced trust management as a viable solution due to its ability to track the dynamic behavior of loT devices. Compared to traditional security solutions, trust does not require an extensive amount of resources. Several loT trust solutions rely on distributed models that increase network overhead and consume additional energy. To this end, this work proposes a trust management scheme for loT systems that can be implemented at the access layer of loT systems. The proposed scheme establishes trust for loT devices through device-system interaction and communication attributes without requiring any additional information or modifications to the device. The trust value is computed using the trust attributes over a specific window size of interactions and using a forget factor. Simulation results show the ability of the proposed scheme to track the behavior of loT devices. Results also show that the proposed scheme maintains high performance in detecting persistent attacks compared to existing schemes from the literature, while improving the detection rate of ON-OFF attacks by 15%.

Farhat, A. Eldosouky, M. Ibnkahla and A. Matrawy, “IoT Trust Establishment Through System Level Interactions and Communication Attributes,” GLOBECOM 2023 – 2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2023, pp. 5919-5924, doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10436821.

For more details:��

Congratulations to Dana Haj Hussein and Ali Farhat for Winning First Place in �Ӱ�ԭ�� University’s Data Day 9.0 Poster Competition

mohannadabuissa — Wed, 03 May 2023 16:10:05 +0000

Congratulations to our IoT lab members Dana Haj Hussein and Ali Farhat for securing joint first place in �Ӱ�ԭ�� University’s Data Day 9.0 Poster Competition hosted by �Ӱ�ԭ�� Science.

The two winning posters presented part of their research work towards the PhD degree. Both PhD candidates are tied for first place of the at large poster competition and each of them will be receiving a monetary prize. Dana’s poster titled “Designing for the Unknown: Paving the Way Towards Intelligent and Autonomous Resource Management in Future Internet of Things Systems” proposes a novel IoT traffic modeling framework and an intelligent edge resource slicing algorithm that addresses IoT data scarcity and optimizes resource allocation on edge-enabled IoT networks. Ali’s Poster titled “Trust-Management Module for IoT Systems: An Interaction-based Machine Learning Approach” discusses part of his PhD research on developing a trust-based solution for IoT systems that utilizes machine learning algorithms. The innovative research work presented by Ali and Dana showcases the high quality of research conducted by our IoT lab members and their contributions towards addressing key challenges in the IoT domain.

Ali’s poster discusses the challenges related to security and privacy in IoT systems and proposes a trust-based solution that establishes trust based on device-system interactions without requiring additional information. The proposed module computes the trust value of an IoT device using communication and security attributes and utilizes a neural network to identify malicious devices or those with low trust value due to performance degradation.

Dana’s poster discusses the challenges of IoT data scarcity and the need for intelligent resource management algorithms to address the complexities of future IoT systems. The contributions of the research presented are a novel IoT traffic modeling framework, TMMSP, that generates synthetic traffic datasets and an intelligent and autonomous edge resource slicing algorithm that optimizes resource allocation on edge enabled IoT networks.

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Congratulations to Anastassia Gharib for Successfully Defending PhD Thesis

mohannadabuissa — Wed, 25 Jan 2023 03:23:29 +0000

The Internet of Things Lab would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Anastassia Gharib on her successful PhD defense. Her thesis, titled “Cluster-Based Information-Centric Wireless Sensor Networks Management for Enhanced User Security Satisfaction in the Internet of Things”, was nominated for �Ӱ�ԭ�� University Gold Medal and showcases her outstanding research work in the field of IoT security.

Anastassia is not only a graduate but also an accomplished individual, who received the CUSA Teaching Excellence Award, is the IEEE Technical Activities Board (TAB) representative, a voting member on the global IEEE WIE committee and servers as a technical reviewer on multiple IEEE transactions.

Throughout her tenure with the lab, Anastassia has been a leading researcher in the field of information-centric sensor networks, with a focus on user security satisfaction and she has published several journal and conference papers.

We are proud to have Anastassia Gharib as an alumni of the Internet of Things Lab and wish her all the best in her future endeavours. We are confident that her research and publications will be a great addition to the field of IoT.

PUBLICATIONS��

Journal Papers��

[J1] A. Gharib and M. Ibnkahla, “Heterogeneous Cluster-Based Information-Centric Sensor Networks with User Security Satisfaction,” accepted in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, pp. 1-17, Dec. 2022.

[J2] A. Gharib and M. Ibnkahla, “Node Embedding for Security-Aware Clustering of Mobile Information-Centric Sensor Networks,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 18, pp. 17249-17264, Sept. 2022.

[J3] A. Gharib, W. Ejaz, and M. Ibnkahla, “Distributed Spectrum Sensing for IoT Networks: Architecture, Challenges, and Learning,” IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 66-73, June 2021.

[J4] A. Gharib, W. Ejaz, and M. Ibnkahla, “Scalable Learning-based Heterogeneous Multi-band Multi-user Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Distributed IoT Systems,” IEEE Open Journal of Communications Society, vol. 1, pp. 1066-1083, July 2020.

[J5] A. Gharib, W. Ejaz and M. Ibnkahla, “Enhanced Multiband Multiuser Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Distributed CRNs,” IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 256-270, Mar. 2020.

[J6] A. Gharib, J. Jaskolka, M. Ibnkahla, and A. Matrawy, “Security Management of Horizontal IoT Platforms: A Survey and Comparison,” submitted to IEEE Surveys and Tutorials, 2022.

[J7] A. Gharib and M. Ibnkahla, “User Security Oriented Information-Centric IoT Nodes Clustering with Graph Convolution Networks,” submitted to IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023.

[J8] A. Gharib, and others, “Security Policies for the Internet of Things: Selection and Perspectives Beyond Best Practices,” under preparation (to be submitted to IEEE Communications Standards Magazine), 2023.

Conference Papers��

[C1] A. Gharib and M. Ibnkahla, “Security-Aware Cluster Head Selection in WSNs for IoT,” IEEE ICC – IEEE International Conference on Communications, Montreal, Canada, June 2021, pp. 1-6.

[C2] A. Gharib, W. Ejaz, and M. Ibnkahla, “Distributed Learning-based Multi-band Multi-user Cooperative Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks,” IEEE GLOBECOM – IEEE Global Communications Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Dec. 2018, pp. 1-6.

[C3] Z. Bouida, A. Gharib, and M. Ibnkahla, “Secondary Systems Scheduling Using Precoding-Aided Space Shift Keying for Overlay Cognitive Radio,” IEEE WCNC – IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2018, pp. 1-5.

Posters��

[P1] A. Gharib, W.Ejaz, and M. Ibnkahla, “Heterogeneous Multi-band Multi-user Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Spectrum Analytics in IoT Systems,” Data Day 5.0 poster competition, �Ӱ�ԭ�� University, June 5, 2018. (First Place)

[P2] A. Gharib, Z. Bouida, W. Ejaz, and M. Ibnkahla, “Cognitive Radio for the Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges,” the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) visit, Jan. 26, 2017.

Technical Reports��

[R1] A. Eldosouky, M. Abu Issa, A. Farhat, A. Jawad, A. Gharib, M. Ibnkahla, J. Jaskolka, and A. Matrawy, “Best Practices Guide for Secure E-health IoT Systems,” technical report to the System-level Security for IoT-enabled e-Health Systems CSSP Project, pp. 1-20, Sept. 30, 2022.

[R2] A. Gharib, A. Eldosouky, J. Jaskolka, A. Matrawy, and M. Ibnkahla, “End-to-End Security Policies for Heterogeneous Connected Medical Devices,” technical report to the System-level Security for IoT-enabled e-Health Systems CSSP Project, pp. 1-142, Oct. 31, 2021.

[R3] A. Gharib, J. Jaskolka, A. Matrawy, and M. Ibnkahla, “Establishing a Framework for Deployable Security-by-Design Features,” technical report to the System-level Security for IoT-enabled e-Health Systems CSSP Project, pp. 1-31, Oct. 31, 2020.

[R4] A. Gharib, F. Lagum, and M. Ibnkahla, “Collaborative System Architecture,” technical report to the Sentiment and Textual Analysis Project, pp. 1-5, Jan. 2020.

[R5] A. Gharib, A. Farhat, J. Samuel, J. Jaskolka, M. Ibnkahla, and A. Matrawy, “Report on Foundational Understanding of IoT-enabled e-Health Systems and Their Security Requirements,” technical report to the System-level Security for IoT-enabled e-Health Systems CSSP Project, pp. 1-42, Oct. 15, 2019.

[R6] A. Gharib, A. Farhat, M. Ibnkahla, J. Jaskolka, and A. Matrawy, “Report on OneM2M and Other Standards,” technical report to the System-level Security for IoT-enabled e-Health Systems CSSP Project, pp. 1-53, Oct. 15, 2019.

SELECTED ORAL PRESENTATIONS & TALKS��

[T1] A. Gharib and A. Matrawy, “Security Policies Framework for the Internet of Things Enabled E-health Systems,” �Ӱ�ԭ�� University E-Health Security Workshop, Sept. 29, 2022.

[T2] A. Gharib (guest speaker and panelist), “Meeting User Security Needs in the Internet of Things Era,” �Ӱ�ԭ�� University Breakthrough Breakfast, Mar. 3, 2022. [Online] Available at:

[T3] A. Gharib (invited speaker), “Cluster-Based Wireless Internet of Things Sensor Networks with Security Built-in by Design,” EE@JUST Seminars, Jan. 17, 2022.

[T4] A. Gharib and A. Matrawy, “Selected Security Policies for Connected Medical Internet of Things Devices,” �Ӱ�ԭ�� University E-Health Security Workshop, Dec. 2, 2021.

[T5] A. Gharib (invited speaker and IoT613 showcase panelist), “System-level Security for IoT-enabled e-Health Systems,” Annual IoT613 Conference, May 9, 2019.

[T6] A. Gharib (invited speaker and IoT613 showcase panelist), “Scalable Learning-based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Distributed IoT Systems,” Annual IoT613 Conference, Apr. 20, 2018.

Congratulations to Abdullah Mahmoud for Successfully Defending Master Thesis

mohannadabuissa — Wed, 25 Jan 2023 02:55:19 +0000

The Internet of Things Lab is thrilled to extend our warmest congratulations to Abdullah Mahmoud on his successful Master’s thesis defense. His thesis, titled “Optimal Selection of IPsec-Based Security Mechanisms in Resource Constrained IoT Environment”, presents an innovative approach to selecting the optimal security mechanism for resource-constrained IoT devices based on their available resources and the application requirements.

Through his thesis, Abdullah was able to demonstrate his expertise in both hardware and simulation environments. This work is a great contribution to the field of IoT security and we are proud to have Abdullah as an alumni of our lab.

We wish him all the best in his future endeavours and look forward to seeing his continued impact on the field. To learn more about his research you can visit his profile: Abdullah Mahmoud

See also: �Ӱ�ԭ�� IoT Lab Publications

Professor Mohamed Ibnkahla Featured in the December Issue of the IEEE WIE Magazine

mohannadabuissa — Thu, 08 Dec 2022 11:19:57 +0000

Professor Mohamed Ibnkahla, the Cisco Industrial Research Chair in the Internet of Things (IoT) Sensor Networks and Technologies at �Ӱ�ԭ�� University, is featured in the December issue of the IEEE Women in Engineering Magazine.

The magazine titled: “WIE Celebrates the Extraordinary Men: Supporting those who support others [WIE From Around the World]” recognizes many men who deserve acknowledgment for the support they have provided to women who pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The result was eight men, nominated by women, who are champions for recognizing talent and understanding the difficulties women face in academic or work environments.

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To read the full story:��

Congratulations, Dr. Zied Bouida, on Receiving the IEEE Sensors Council Young Professional Award

ziedbouida — Mon, 26 Sep 2022 22:56:49 +0000

, Senior Researcher at��Ӱ�ԭ�� University‘s Internet of Things Lab,
Systems and Computer Engineering Department, received the 2022 IEEE Sensors Council
Young Professional Award “For exemplary leadership and distinguished contributions in
promoting the IEEE Young Professionals program and for outstanding research in the design, deployment,
and performance analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks.” Dr. Bouida is serving as the Cisco
Chair Technical Manager at the IoT Lab directed by Professor Mohamed Ibnkahla.

Meet IoT Lab Members: An Exciting Interview with Dr. Abdelrahman Eldosouky!

mohannadabuissa — Tue, 17 May 2022 18:47:47 +0000

In this series of interviews, we meet IoT Lab members to know more about them and listen to advice from their research experience.

In today’s interview, we meet Dr. Abdelrahman Eldosouky, a postdoctoral fellow at the �Ӱ�ԭ�� IoT Lab.

Hello Dr. Abdelrahman, and thanks for dedicating this time to answer our interview questions. Some questions will be personal about yourself, and some will be about your research experience.

Who is Dr. Abdelrahman Eldosouky?

I am a father, a husband, and a researcher. I was born in Egypt, and I stayed there mostly until I travelled to the USA to do my PhD at Virginia Tech.

What is your role in �Ӱ�ԭ�� Sensor Systems and The Internet of Things?

I am a postdoctoral Fellow and the Technical Manager of a research project conducted at �Ӱ�ԭ�� University under the supervision of professor Mohamed Ibnkahla. The project is developing a security platform at the system level for IoT-enabled e-Health systems. Besides my technical contributions to the project.

I am also responsible for managing the tasks among the project members and leading the project’s activities. I am also mentoring some PhD and Master’s students working on different security problems in the IoT.

What is your academic experience?

I have worked my whole life in academia. After graduating with B.Sc., I was offered a position at my university as I was ranked second in my class. In this position, I was teaching for a few years, supervising undergraduate students, running labs, and doing research for my Master’s. After that, I worked as a graduate research assistant during my PhD in the USA, and finally, I am here at �Ӱ�ԭ�� as a Postdoctoral Fellow.

What do you like about working in the research domain?

Challenging myself in exploring new research problems and finding solutions to them. I also like how being in the research community motivates you to continuously learn new things and to follow other researchers.

What are the qualities you think are very important for students and researchers?

I would like to list the qualities along with some proverbs I personally like:

Perseverance: “Going in one more round when you don’t think you can, that’s what makes all the difference in your life” – Sylvester Stallone acting as Rocky balboa.

Being self-motivated: “You are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think” – Christopher Robin, Winnie the Pooh.

Handling rejections: “Failure is the only the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently” – Henry Ford (founder of the Ford Motor Company).

Time management: “The trouble is, you think you have time” – Jack Kornfield (American author)

Tell us about a failure you experienced and how you overcame it?

My first ever submitted journal paper was rejected after being under review for more than a year, out of an administrative mistake. As I knew the paper was of good quality, I submitted it to another journal in the same field, with a significantly higher impact factor, and it got accepted.

How do you stay motivated?

By always setting future goals, by the time I reach one goal, I find myself pursuing another.

What do you like about �Ӱ�ԭ�� university?

I like the �Ӱ�ԭ�� community and its people. I also like my nice office at the ARISE building.

In comparison to your previous universities, tell us something you find unique about �Ӱ�ԭ��.

�Ӱ�ԭ�� has a beautiful campus, and it is unique because of its location in the heart of Ottawa.��

How do you feel in our city, Ottawa?

I feel lucky to live here. Ottawa is a wonderful city to raise a family. It has a lot of family-oriented activities and many quiet neighbourhoods.

What do you like the most about Ottawa?

Not the weather, but in Ottawa, you can find both the amenities of a big city and the calm of a small town.

Your favourite place to visit in Ottawa?

Parliament Hill and its surrounding area. I like the park across from it and Rideau Canal Locks.

Your best restaurant?

Ottawa has many amazing shawarma restaurants, and I also like Mary Browns.

What are your hobbies? Do you practice them here in Ottawa?

I love to read, play soccer, and learn new things. In Ottawa, I play soccer weekly in a recreational league.

Do you have any advice for students and junior researchers?

Yes, I want to say that a PhD is not a 9-5 job. It is a major milestone in your life, and you should spare no effort to achieve it. Part of this is to focus on improving your weak areas to help you achieve this goal. For example, some students can take extra mathematics or statistical courses to help with their research, others can work on their presentation skills, etc. Improving the qualities, I stated earlier, is also important. In short, a student should be prepared to push themselves to the limit during their PhD journey. Remember, if it were easy, everyone would do it.��

The last word for our readers?

While in graduate school, focus on your goal but do not forget to enjoy the journey.

Thank you a lot for your time, Dr. Abdelrahman! We wish you lots of success in your future!

I hope our readers enjoy the exciting answers you provided and benefit from your research experience.

News Archives - Sensor Systems and The Internet of Things

IoT-Enabled e-Health Systems: Navigating Security Challenges and Strategic Recommendations

Ali Farhat, Mohannad Abu Issa, Abdelrahman Eldosouky, Mohamed Ibnkahla, Jason Jaskolka, and Ashraf Matrawy

Towards Intelligent Intent-based Network Slicing for IoT Systems: Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Vision

Dana Haj Hussein, Mohamed Ibnkahla

IEEE Internet of Things Journal: Interaction-aware Trust Management Scheme for IoT Systems With Machine Learning-Based Attack Detection

Ali Farhat, Abdelrahman Eldosouky, Mohamed Ibnkahla, and Ashraf Matrawy

2023 IEEE Globecom: IoT Trust Establishment Through System Level Interactions and Communication Attributes

Ali Farhat,��Abdelrahman Eldosouky,��Mohamed Ibnkahla, and Ashraf Matrawy

Congratulations to Dana Haj Hussein and Ali Farhat for Winning First Place in �Ӱ�ԭ�� University’s Data Day 9.0 Poster Competition

Congratulations to Anastassia Gharib for Successfully Defending PhD Thesis

PUBLICATIONS��

Journal Papers��

Conference Papers��

Posters��

Technical Reports��

SELECTED ORAL PRESENTATIONS & TALKS����

Congratulations to Abdullah Mahmoud for Successfully Defending Master Thesis

Professor Mohamed Ibnkahla Featured in the December Issue of the IEEE WIE Magazine

Congratulations, Dr. Zied Bouida, on Receiving the IEEE Sensors Council Young Professional Award

Meet IoT Lab Members: An Exciting Interview with Dr. Abdelrahman Eldosouky!

SELECTED ORAL PRESENTATIONS & TALKS��